{"NOAAStudyId":"16197","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2014-05-11","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-reconstruction","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-recon-16197.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":950,"earliestYearCE":1000,"entryId":"noaa-recon-16197","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)","fundingGrant":"Polar Science for Planet Earth"},{"fundingAgency":"Australian Research Council  ","fundingGrant":"DP110101161, DP140102059, FL100100214"}],"investigators":"Abram, N.J.; Mulvaney, R.; Vimeux, F.; Phipps, S.J.; Turner, J.; England, M.H.","mostRecentYearBP":-57,"mostRecentYearCE":2007,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/16197","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is the primary pattern of climate variability in the Southern Hemisphere, influencing latitudinal rainfall distribution and temperatures from the subtropics to Antarctica. The positive summer trend in the SAM over recent decades is widely attributed to stratospheric ozone depletion; however, the brevity of observational records from Antarctica - one of the core zones that defines SAM variability - limits our understanding of long-term SAM behaviour. Here we reconstruct annual mean changes in the SAM since AD 1000 using, for the first time, proxy records that encompass the full mid-latitude to polar domain across the Drake Passage sector. We find that the SAM has undergone a progressive shift towards its positive phase since the fifteenth century, causing cooling of the main Antarctic continent at the same time that the Antarctic Peninsula has warmed. The positive trend in the SAM since ~AD 1940 is reproduced by multimodel climate simulations forced with rising greenhouse gas levels and later ozone depletion, and the long-term average SAM index is now at its highest level for at least the past 1,000 years. Reconstructed SAM trends before the twentieth century are more prominent than those in radiative-forcing climate experiments and may be associated with a teleconnected response to tropical Pacific climate. Our findings imply that predictions of further greenhouse-driven increases in the SAM over the coming century also need to account for the possibility of opposing effects from tropical Pacific climate changes.","author":{"name":"Nerilie J. Abram, Robert Mulvaney, Françoise Vimeux, Steven J. Phipps, John Turner and Matthew H. England"},"citation":"Nerilie J. Abram, Robert Mulvaney, Françoise Vimeux, Steven J. Phipps, John Turner and Matthew H. England. 2014. Evolution of the Southern Annular Mode during the past millennium. Nature Climate Change. . doi: 10.1038/nclimate2235","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1038/nclimate2235","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2235"},"issue":null,"journal":"Nature Climate Change","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2014,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Evolution of the Southern Annular Mode during the past millennium","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Southern Annular Mode (SAM)","Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation Patterns Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"55887","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-90","-30","180","-180"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-180","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"-30","southernmostLatitude":"-90","westernmostLongitude":"180"}},"locationName":"Geographic Region>Southern Hemisphere","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"26209","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>atmospheric circulation"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/abram2014/abram2014sam.txt","linkText":"Southern Annular Mode (SAM) Index Reconstruction","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"relative to 1961-1990AD; weighted composite-plus-scale (CPS) with nesting","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":"composite plus scale","cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"earth system variable>mode-of-variability variable>Southern Annular Mode"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"1.96*rmse; based on standard deviation of the residuals between the SAM reconstruction and the Marshall-SAM Index during the 1957-1995 calibration interval","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":"95% confidence interval margin of error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":"composite plus scale","cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"earth system variable>mode-of-variability variable>Southern Annular Mode"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"verification reduction of error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"earth system variable>mode-of-variability variable>Southern Annular Mode"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"95% red noise threshold for reduction of error statistic","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"verification reduction of error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"earth system variable>mode-of-variability variable>Southern Annular Mode"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"relative to 1961-1990AD;  70y loess filter of annual data; weighted composite-plus-scale (CPS) with nesting","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"smoothed","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":"composite plus scale","cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"earth system variable>mode-of-variability variable>Southern Annular Mode"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"relative to 1961-1990AD;  70y loess filter of annual data; weighted composite-plus-scale (CPS) with nesting","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":"composite plus scale","cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"earth system variable>mode-of-variability variable>Southern Annular Mode"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"relative to 1961-1990AD;  70y loess filter of annual data; weighted composite-plus-scale (CPS) with nesting","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"smoothed","cvError":"95% confidence interval lower bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":"composite plus scale","cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"earth system variable>mode-of-variability variable>Southern Annular Mode"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"relative to 1961-1990AD;  70y loess filter of annual data; weighted composite-plus-scale (CPS) with nesting","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":"95% confidence interval lower bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":"composite plus scale","cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"earth system variable>mode-of-variability variable>Southern Annular Mode"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"relative to 1961-1990AD;  70y loess filter of annual data; weighted composite-plus-scale (CPS) with nesting","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"smoothed","cvError":"95% confidence interval upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":"composite plus scale","cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"earth system variable>mode-of-variability variable>Southern Annular Mode"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"relative to 1961-1990AD;  70y loess filter of annual data; weighted composite-plus-scale (CPS) with nesting","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":"95% confidence interval upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":"composite plus scale","cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"earth system variable>mode-of-variability variable>Southern Annular Mode"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Marshall SAM index; http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/gjma/sam.html; relative to 1961-1990 AD","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"earth system variable>mode-of-variability variable>Southern Annular Mode"}]}],"dataTableName":"Abram2014SAM","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1000,"earliestYearBP":950,"earliestYearCE":1000,"mostRecentYear":2007,"mostRecentYearBP":-57,"mostRecentYearCE":2007,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Southern Hemisphere Extratropics"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Southern Annular Mode 1000 Year Reconstruction","studyNotes":"1000 year multiproxy reconstruction of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) Index. \nPrimary data sources: James Ross Island ice core 1000 year Deuterium and Melt data; PAGES 2k South America data compilation; PAGES 2k Antarctica data compilation.","version":"1.0","xmlId":"13943"}