{"NOAAStudyId":"16761","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2014-06-23","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-reconstruction","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-recon-16761.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":830,"earliestYearCE":1120,"entryId":"noaa-recon-16761","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","fundingGrant":null}],"investigators":"St. Jacques, J.-M.; Cumming, B.F.; Smol, J.P.","mostRecentYearBP":50,"mostRecentYearCE":1900,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/16761","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Drought is endemic to the North American Great Plains, causing severe economic consequences. However, instrumental climate data only exist from ca AD 1890, and limited tree-ring, paleolimnological, archeological and eolian records document the last two millennia. To address this lack of monitoring and paleoclimatic data, the pollen preserved in the varved sediments of Lake Mina, Minnesota, on the northeastern border of the Great Plains, were analyzed. May and February mean monthly temperatures and \"annual precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration\" were reconstructed at a 4-year resolution using a pre-settlement pollen-climate calibration set. The period of the so-called Little Ice Age (LIA) (AD 1500-1870) was colder than the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) (AD 1100-1500) in west-central Minnesota. Winter temperatures in the LIA declined more than summer ones. The pollen record suggests that the LIA occurred in three phases: an initial cold phase from AD 1505 to AD 1575, a warmer phase, and then a very cold phase from AD 1625 to AD 1775. There were severe droughts detected in the Lake Mina record from AD 1660 to AD 1710 and AD 1300 to AD 1400, suggesting that high-resolution pollen records can detect events previously defined from the tree-ring records. This latter century-scale drought is concurrent with the widely reported \"AD 1250-1400 mega-drought\", which exceeds the severity of 20th century droughts.","author":{"name":"Jeannine-Marie St. Jacques, Brian F. Cumming, John P. Smol"},"citation":"Jeannine-Marie St. Jacques, Brian F. Cumming, John P. Smol. 2008. A 900-year pollen-inferred temperature and effective moisture record from varved Lake Mina, west-central Minnesota, USA. Quaternary Science Reviews, 27(7-8), 781-796. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.01.005","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.01.005","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.01.005"},"issue":"7-8","journal":"Quaternary Science Reviews","pages":"781-796","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2008,"reportNumber":null,"title":"A 900-year pollen-inferred temperature and effective moisture record from varved Lake Mina, west-central Minnesota, USA","type":"publication","volume":"27"},{"abstract":null,"author":{"name":"Jeannine-Marie St. Jacques, Brian F. Cumming, John P. Smol"},"citation":"Jeannine-Marie St. Jacques, Brian F. Cumming, John P. Smol. 2009. A 900-yr diatom and chrysophyte record of spring mixing and summer stratification from varved Lake Mina, west-central Minnesota, USA. The Holocene, 19(4), 537-547. doi: 10.1177/0959683609104030 ","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1177/0959683609104030 ","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683609104030 "},"issue":"4","journal":"The Holocene","pages":"537-547","pubRank":"4","pubYear":2009,"reportNumber":null,"title":"A 900-yr diatom and chrysophyte record of spring mixing and summer stratification from varved Lake Mina, west-central Minnesota, USA","type":"publication","volume":"19"},{"abstract":null,"author":{"name":"St. Jacques, J.M., B.F. Cumming, D.J. Sauchyn and J.P. Smol"},"citation":"St. Jacques, J.M., B.F. Cumming, D.J. Sauchyn and J.P. Smol.  Accepted 2015.\r\nThe bias and signal attenuation present in conventional pollen-based climate reconstructions as assessed by early climate data from Minnesota.  Accepted by PLOS ONE November 1, 2014.","edition":null,"identifier":null,"issue":null,"journal":"PLoS ONE","pages":null,"pubRank":"5","pubYear":2015,"reportNumber":null,"title":"The bias and signal attenuation present in conventional pollen-based climate reconstructions as assessed by early climate data from Minnesota","type":"publication","volume":null},{"abstract":null,"author":{"name":"Jeannine-Marie St. Jacques, Brian F. Cumming, John P. Smol"},"citation":"Jeannine-Marie St. Jacques, Brian F. Cumming, John P. Smol. 2008. A statistical method for varve verification using seasonal pollen deposition. Journal of Paleolimnology, 40(2), 733-744. doi: 10.1007/s10933-008-9196-4","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1007/s10933-008-9196-4","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10933-008-9196-4"},"issue":"2","journal":"Journal of Paleolimnology","pages":"733-744","pubRank":"2","pubYear":2008,"reportNumber":null,"title":"A statistical method for varve verification using seasonal pollen deposition","type":"publication","volume":"40"},{"abstract":null,"author":{"name":"Jeannine-Marie St. Jacques, Brian F. Cumming, John P. Smol"},"citation":"Jeannine-Marie St. Jacques, Brian F. Cumming, John P. Smol. 2008. A pre-European settlement pollen-climate calibration set for Minnesota, USA: developing tools for palaeoclimatic reconstructions. Journal of Biogeography, 35(2), 306-324. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01785.x","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01785.x","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01785.x"},"issue":"2","journal":"Journal of Biogeography","pages":"306-324","pubRank":"3","pubYear":2008,"reportNumber":null,"title":"A pre-European settlement pollen-climate calibration set for Minnesota, USA: developing tools for palaeoclimatic reconstructions","type":"publication","volume":"35"}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Air Temperature Reconstruction","hydrology","Other Hydroclimate Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"56097","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["45.89","-95.478"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-95.478","maxElevationMeters":"415","minElevationMeters":"415","northernmostLatitude":"45.89","southernmostLatitude":"45.89","westernmostLongitude":"-95.478"}},"locationName":"Continent>North America>United States Of America>Minnesota","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"26953","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>precipitation","earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/pollen/recons/northamerica/usa/minnesota/mina2008recons.txt","linkText":"Lake Mina Pollen-inferred Temperature and Moisture Reconstructions","urlDescription":"Text Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"1-month period>Feb","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"1-month period>May","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydroclimatic variable>hydroclimate rate>precipitation minus evapotranspiration"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"lowess0.1","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":"smoothed","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"1-month period>Feb","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"lowess0.1","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":"smoothed","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"1-month period>May","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"lowess0.1","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":"smoothed","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydroclimatic variable>hydroclimate rate>precipitation minus evapotranspiration"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature","earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>precipitation"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/pollen/recons/northamerica/usa/minnesota/mina2008.xlsx","linkText":"Lake Mina Pollen Data and Reconstructions","urlDescription":"Excel Data File","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"Mina2008recons","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1120,"earliestYearBP":830,"earliestYearCE":1120,"mostRecentYear":1900,"mostRecentYearBP":50,"mostRecentYearCE":1900,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"26954","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature","earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>precipitation"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/pollen/recons/northamerica/usa/minnesota/mina2008counts.txt","linkText":"Lake Mina Raw Pollen Counts","urlDescription":"Text Data File","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>precipitation","earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/pollen/recons/northamerica/usa/minnesota/mina2008.xlsx","linkText":"Lake Mina Pollen Data and Reconstructions","urlDescription":"Excel Data File","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"Mina2008counts","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1120,"earliestYearBP":830,"earliestYearCE":1120,"mostRecentYear":1900,"mostRecentYearBP":50,"mostRecentYearCE":1900,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"26955","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature","earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>precipitation"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/pollen/recons/northamerica/usa/minnesota/mina2008int-pct.txt","linkText":"Lake Mina Intermediate Pollen Percentage Data","urlDescription":"Text Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>precipitation","earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/pollen/recons/northamerica/usa/minnesota/mina2008.xlsx","linkText":"Lake Mina Pollen Data and Reconstructions","urlDescription":"Excel Data File","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"Mina2008int-pct","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1120,"earliestYearBP":830,"earliestYearCE":1120,"mostRecentYear":1876,"mostRecentYearBP":74,"mostRecentYearCE":1876,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Lake Mina"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Lake Mina, Minnesota 900yr Pollen-inferred Temperature and Moisture","studyNotes":"Pollen data and inferred temperature and moisture balance reconstructions from Lake Mina, Minnesota, USA.  The analyzed and published portion of the core spans AD 1116-2002. Most of it was sampled at a 4-year resolution, the very top (1952-2002) is at ~2-year resolution.  Comparison to Platt Bradbury's Elk Lake varve-dated core is excellent: The 1300s megadrought at Lake Mina is at AD 1304-1396, the Elk Lake megadrought is at AD 1284-1409, using different proxies. The reconstruction is not reliable after 1876 AD, due to human disturbance.  The winter and summer temperature pollen reconstructions were validated using early military fort instrumental climate data for 1820-1876.  Varve chronology corroborated by exotic pollen introductions and a bottom radiocarbon date.  ","version":"1.0","xmlId":"14468"}