{"NOAAStudyId":"17133","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2014-09-02","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-reconstruction","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-recon-17133.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":905,"earliestYearCE":1045,"entryId":"noaa-recon-17133","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"0724619"}],"investigators":"Wahl, E.R.; Diaz, H.F.; Ohlwein, C.","mostRecentYearBP":-15,"mostRecentYearCE":1965,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/17133","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"We present a reconstruction of mean summer temperature for the northern Midwest of theUSA based on lacustrine pollen records from three different lakes in Wisconsin. The results suggest a relatively warm period during the earlier part of the record (~1200–1500 CE) followed by a cooler Little Ice Age (~1500–1900) and a subsequent warming to modern conditions. The reconstructed modern summer mean temperature is in good agreement with observations, and the decades of the 1930s to 1950s appear to be the warmest such period in the proxy record (through 1974). Analyses of circulation features associated with the warmest summers in the recent climate record suggest a prevalence of continental ridging accompanied by generally dry conditions during these warm summers in the Midwest. Drought reconstruction using the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and tree-ring records as predictors also yield relatively dry conditions in medieval times for the central US. As reported in a number of recent studies, possible forcing mechanisms include La Niña-like conditions in the equatorial Pacific and warmer than average waters in the tropical Indo-western Pacific Ocean possibly coupled to a positive mode of the AMO/ NAO North Atlantic circulation pattern.","author":{"name":"Wahl, E., H. Diaz, and C. Ohlwein"},"citation":"Wahl, E., H. Diaz, and C. Ohlwein. 2012. A pollen-based reconstruction of summer temperature in central North America and implications for circulation patterns during medieval times. Global and Planetary Change, 84-85, 66-74. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.10.005","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.10.005","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.10.005"},"issue":null,"journal":"Global and Planetary Change","pages":"66-74","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2012,"reportNumber":null,"title":"A pollen-based reconstruction of summer temperature in central North America and implications for circulation patterns during medieval times","type":"publication","volume":"84-85"}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Air Temperature Reconstruction","North Atlantic Oscillation","Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA)"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"21342","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["45.275","-91.475"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-91.475","maxElevationMeters":"334","minElevationMeters":"334","northernmostLatitude":"45.275","southernmostLatitude":"45.275","westernmostLongitude":"-91.475"}},"locationName":"Continent>North America>United States Of America>Wisconsin","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"27337","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/pollen/recons/liadata.txt","linkText":"Pollen Data","urlDescription":"Original Source URL","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/reconstructions/wahl2012/wahl2012-darklake.txt","linkText":"Dark Lake Reconstruction","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"1st percentile; logistic generalized linear model; 2m air temperature","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"percentile","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":"regression analysis","cvSeasonality":"non-calendric period>summer","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"50th percentile; logistic generalized linear model; 2m air temperature","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"percentile","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":"regression analysis","cvSeasonality":"non-calendric period>summer","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"99th percentile; logistic generalized linear model; 2m air temperature","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"percentile","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":"regression analysis","cvSeasonality":"non-calendric period>summer","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"}]}],"dataTableName":"Dark Lake Temp W12","dataTableNotes":"Reconstruction using inversion of a climate-to-pollen forward model (the binomial-logistic Generalized Linear Model applied to pollen count ratios)","earliestYear":1045,"earliestYearBP":905,"earliestYearCE":1045,"mostRecentYear":1965,"mostRecentYearBP":-15,"mostRecentYearCE":1965,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Dark Lake (DARKLAKE)"},{"NOAASiteId":"21519","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["45.28333","-91.48333"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-91.48333","maxElevationMeters":"330","minElevationMeters":"330","northernmostLatitude":"45.28333","southernmostLatitude":"45.28333","westernmostLongitude":"-91.48333"}},"locationName":"Continent>North America>United States Of America>Wisconsin","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"27339","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/pollen/recons/liadata.txt","linkText":"Pollen Data","urlDescription":"Original Source URL","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/reconstructions/wahl2012/wahl2012-littlepine.txt","linkText":"Little Pine Lake Reconstruction","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"1st percentile; 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