{"NOAAStudyId":"17157","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2014-09-02","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-reconstruction","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-recon-17157.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":450,"earliestYearCE":1500,"entryId":"noaa-recon-17157","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"National Center for Atmospheric Research, Weather and Climate Impacts Assessment","fundingGrant":null}],"investigators":"Wahl, E.R.; Diaz, H.F.; Smerdon, J.E.; Ammann, C.M.","mostRecentYearBP":-30,"mostRecentYearCE":1980,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/17157","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"February-March temperature reconstructions in western North America from 1500-1980 in the Common Era (CE)  are used to evaluate, from a regional perspective, the hypothesis that radiative forcing by large tropical volcanic eruptions induces a tendency in the climate system towards an early post-event El Niño (EN) response followed by a delayed La Niña (LN) response. Post-event spatial composites using superposed epoch analysis (SEA) detect indications for an EN-like pattern in post-event Years 1-2; this result, however, is sensitive to the set of eruptions evaluated. Highly significant LN-like patterns are also observed for two eruptions during Year 1. In contrast, a clear and unique LN-like response is found in both evaluated eruption sets during Years 3-5; Year 3 in particular represents the time of strongest post-event response. No significant EN-like patterns occur during these years. The relative homogeneity of the SEA response for each post-event year is evaluated in terms of the ratio of the amplitude of the SEA composite to its standard deviation across the eruption events. In relation to the same metric determined from random-event-year SEAs, these signal-to-noise ratios are most highly significant in the portions of the domain with the strongest anomalies in Years 1-5, especially Year 3. The signal-to-noise ratios tend towards uniformly low and insignificant values beyond the first half-decade after the eruption, indicating generally reduced coherence across events. In relation to the larger-scale circulation, post-eruption 500 mb February-March geopotential height composites from the 20th Century Reanalysis show ENSO-type features that are largely consistent with the SEA results from the primary eruption set during Year 1, but are inconsistent with the EN-like pattern exhibited by the second eruption set during Years 1-2. In Year 3, the pressure composite over North America and the adjacent Pacific and Atlantic is strongly LN-like, consistent with all SEA results; similarly, weakening coherence across events as time progresses beyond Year 3 is also consistent with more variable pressure composites noted after that time. The relatively robust character of the delayed LN-like response is evaluated in terms of the dynamic rebound of the climate system towards its initial energy balance as the radiative impact of immediate post-eruption aerosol cooling dissipates. The LN-like SEA temperature response in Years 3-5 exhibits a slight shift of its southern warm anomaly to the north and west relative to pure composite LN conditions, which is detected as a specifically post-eruption feature in the region.","author":{"name":"Wahl, E.R., H.F. Diaz, J.E. Smerdon, and C.M. Ammann"},"citation":"Wahl, E.R., H.F. Diaz, J.E. Smerdon, and C.M. Ammann. 2014. Late Winter Temperature Response to Large Tropical Volcanic Eruptions in Temperate Western North America:  Relationship to ENSO Phases. Global and Planetary Change, 122, 238-250. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.08.005","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.08.005","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.08.005"},"issue":null,"journal":"Global and Planetary Change","pages":"238-250","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2014,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Late Winter Temperature Response to Large Tropical Volcanic Eruptions in Temperate Western North America:  Relationship to ENSO Phases","type":"publication","volume":"122"}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Air Temperature Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"56270","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["30","55","-130","-95"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-95","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"55","southernmostLatitude":"30","westernmostLongitude":"-130"}},"locationName":"Continent>North America","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"27357","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/reconstructions/wahl2014/W-temperate-NAm-FM-2mT-gridded-recon-w-uncertainty-ensemble.nc","linkText":"Gridded 2m Temperature with uncertainty ensemble","urlDescription":"netCDF File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalies wrt 1904-1980; truncated EOF-principal components spatial regression (TEOF-PCSR); 2m air temperature","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|TREE RING","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":"regression analysis","cvSeasonality":"2-month period>Feb-Mar","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/reconstructions/wahl2014/wahl2014-wnam.txt","linkText":"Metadata","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"Temperate WNAm 2mT W14","dataTableNotes":"Reconstruction using truncated EOF-principal components spatial regression (TEOF-PCSR)","earliestYear":1500,"earliestYearBP":450,"earliestYearCE":1500,"mostRecentYear":1980,"mostRecentYearBP":-30,"mostRecentYearCE":1980,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Temperate Western North America"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Temperate Western North America 1500-1980 AD February-March 2m Air Temperature","studyNotes":null,"version":"1.0","xmlId":"14808"}