{"NOAAStudyId":"18317","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2015-03-31","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-reconstruction","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-recon-18317.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":12000,"earliestYearCE":-10050,"entryId":"noaa-recon-18317","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Swiss National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"PP0022_119049"},{"fundingAgency":"European Research Council","fundingGrant":"COEVOLVE 313797"},{"fundingAgency":"Italian Ministry of Research and Education","fundingGrant":"FIRB RBID08LNFJ"}],"investigators":"Mauri, A.; Davis, B.A.S.; Collins, P.M.; Kaplan, J.O.","mostRecentYearBP":100,"mostRecentYearCE":1850,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/18317","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"We present a new gridded climate reconstruction for Europe for the last 12,000 years based on pollen data. The reconstruction is an update of Davis et al. (2003) using the same methodology, but with a greatly expanded fossil and surface-sample dataset and more rigorous quality-control. The modern pollen dataset has been increased by more than 80%, and the fossil pollen dataset by more than 50%, representing almost 60,000 individual pollen samples. The climate parameters reconstructed include summer/winter and annual temperatures and precipitation, as well as a measure of moisture balance, and growing degree-days above 5 °C. Confidence limits were established for the reconstruction based on transfer function and interpolation uncertainties. The reconstruction takes account of post-glacial isostatic readjustment which resulted in a potential warming bias of up to +1-2°C for parts of Fennoscandia in the early Holocene, as well as changes in palaeogeography resulting from decaying ice sheets and rising post-glacial sea-levels. This new dataset has been evaluated against previously published independent quantitative climate reconstructions from a variety of archives on a site-by-site basis across Europe. The results of this comparison are generally very good; only chironomid-based reconstructions showed substantial differences with our values. Our reconstruction is available for download as gridded maps throughout the Holocene on a 1000-year time-step. The gridded format makes our reconstructions suitable for comparison with climate model output and for other applications such as vegetation and land-use modelling. Our new climate reconstruction suggests that warming in Europe during the mid-Holocene was greater in winter than in summer, an apparent paradox that is not consistent with current climate model simulations and traditional interpretations of Milankovitch theory.","author":{"name":"A. Mauri, B.A.S. Davis, P.M. Collins, J.O. Kaplan"},"citation":"A. Mauri, B.A.S. Davis, P.M. Collins, J.O. Kaplan. 2015. The climate of Europe during the Holocene: a gridded pollen-based reconstruction and its multi-proxy evaluation. Quaternary Science Reviews, 112, 109-127. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.01.013","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.01.013","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.01.013"},"issue":null,"journal":"Quaternary Science Reviews","pages":"109-127","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2015,"reportNumber":null,"title":"The climate of Europe during the Holocene: a gridded pollen-based reconstruction and its multi-proxy evaluation","type":"publication","volume":"112"}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Precipitation Reconstruction","Air Temperature Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"56502","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["28.5","71.5","-11.5","28.5"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"28.5","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"71.5","southernmostLatitude":"28.5","westernmostLongitude":"-11.5"}},"locationName":"Continent>Europe","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"28717","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature","earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>precipitation"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/pollen/epoch2/epoch-2-readme.txt","linkText":"EPOCH-2 Readme File","urlDescription":"Data Description","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature","earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>precipitation"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/pollen/epoch2/EPOCH-2_Mauri_etal_QSR.tar.gz","linkText":"EPOCH-2 gzipped TAR file, all data","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature","earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>precipitation"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/pollen/epoch2/epoch-2.nc","linkText":"EPOCH-2 reconstructions, netCDF format","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature","earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>precipitation"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/pollen/epoch2/epoch-2.txt","linkText":"EPOCH-2 reconstructions, netCDF text export","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree north","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>latitude"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree east","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>longitude"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Jun-Aug","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Dec-Feb","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Jun-Aug","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimeter per day","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydroclimatic variable>hydroclimate rate>precipitation"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Dec-Feb","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimeter per day","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydroclimatic variable>hydroclimate rate>precipitation"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimeter per day","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydroclimatic variable>hydroclimate rate>precipitation"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimeter per day","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydroclimatic variable>hydroclimate ratio>actual/potential evapotranspiration"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"growing degree days above 5 degrees C","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature index>growing degree days"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimeter per day","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydroclimatic variable>hydroclimate rate>precipitation minus evaporation"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature","earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>precipitation"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/pollen/epoch2/epoch-2_uncertainties.txt","linkText":"EPOCH-2 uncertainties, netCDF text export","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"kilometer","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree north","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>latitude"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree east","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>longitude"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":"one standard error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Jun-Aug","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":"one standard error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Dec-Feb","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":"one standard error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Jun-Aug","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimeter per day","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydroclimatic variable>hydroclimate rate>precipitation"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|POLLEN","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":"one standard error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Dec-Feb","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimeter per day","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydroclimatic variable>hydroclimate rate>precipitation"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature","earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>precipitation"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/pollen/epoch2/epoch-2_uncertainties.nc","linkText":"EPOCH-2 uncertainties, netCDF format","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature","earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>precipitation"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/pollen/epoch2/tiff_anomalies/","linkText":"EPOCH-2reconstructions, tiff format","urlDescription":"Data Folder","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"EPOCH-2","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":12000,"earliestYearBP":12000,"earliestYearCE":-10050,"mostRecentYear":100,"mostRecentYearBP":100,"mostRecentYearCE":1850,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Europe EPOCH-2"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"European Holocene Pollen-based Gridded Climate Reconstruction","studyNotes":"EPOCH-2 (European POllen Climate Holocene, Version 2) data set.  Gridded pollen-based climate anomalies reconstruction for Europe.  Parameters include Growing degree-days above 5C (GDD5), Annual temperature (TANN), Annual precipitation (PANN), Summer temperature (TJJA), Summer precipitation (PJJA), Winter temperature (TDJF), Winter precipitation (PDJF), Ratio actual/potential evapotranspiration (alpha), and Precipitation-Evaporation (P-E). Reconstructions are presented at a 1 degree spatial resolution and 1000 year time-step from preindustrial time.","version":"1.0","xmlId":"16021"}