{"NOAAStudyId":"18635","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2015-05-13","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-reconstruction","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-recon-18635.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":1050,"earliestYearCE":900,"entryId":"noaa-recon-18635","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","fundingGrant":"XDA05080800, XDB03020500"},{"fundingAgency":"National Natural Science Foundation China","fundingGrant":"41301220"}],"investigators":"Shi, F.; Ge, Q.; Yang, B.; Li, J.; Yang, F.; Ljungqvist, F.C.; Solomina, O.; Nakatsuka, T.; Wang, N.-L.; Zhao, S.; Xu, C.; Fang, K.; Sano, M.; Chu, G.Q.; Fan, Z.X.; Gaire, N.P.; Zafar, M.U.","mostRecentYearBP":-49,"mostRecentYearCE":1999,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/18635","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"To investigate climate variability in Asia during the last millennium, the spatial and temporal evolution of summer (June-July-August; JJA) temperature in eastern and south-central Asia is reconstructed using multi-proxy records and the regularized expectation maximization (RegEM) algorithm with truncated total least squares (TTLS), under a point-by-point regression (PPR) framework. The temperature index reconstructions show that the late 20th century was the warmest period in Asia over the past millennium. The temperature field reconstructions illustrate that temperatures in central, eastern, and southern China during the 11th and 13th centuries, and in western Asia during the 12th century, were significantly higher than those in other regions, and comparable to levels in the 20th century. Except for the most recent warming, all identified warm events showed distinct regional expressions and none were uniform over the entire reconstruction area. The main finding of the study is that spatial temperature patterns have, on centennial time-scales, varied greatly over the last millennium. Moreover, seven climate model simulations, from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), over the same region of Asia, are all consistent with the temperature index reconstruction at the 99 % confidence level. Only spatial temperature patterns extracted as the first empirical orthogonal function (EOF) from the GISS-E2-R and MPI-ESM-P model simulations are significant and consistent with the temperature field reconstruction over the past millennium in Asia at the 90 % confidence level. This indicates that both the reconstruction and the simulations depict the temporal climate variability well over the past millennium. However, the spatial simulation or reconstruction capability of climate variability over the past millennium could be still limited. For reconstruction, some grid points do not pass validation tests and reveal the need for more proxies with high temporal resolution, accurate dating, and sensitive temperature signals, especially in central Asia and before AD 1400.","author":{"name":"Feng Shi, Quansheng Ge, Bao Yang, Jianping Li, Fengmei Yang, Fredrik Charpentier Ljungqvist, Olga Solomina, Takeshi Nakatsuka, Ninglian Wang, Sen Zhao, Chenxi Xu, Keyan Fang, Masaki Sano, Guoqiang Chu, Zexin Fan, Narayan P. Gaire, Muhammad Usama Zafar"},"citation":"Feng Shi, Quansheng Ge, Bao Yang, Jianping Li, Fengmei Yang, Fredrik Charpentier Ljungqvist, Olga Solomina, Takeshi Nakatsuka, Ninglian Wang, Sen Zhao, Chenxi Xu, Keyan Fang, Masaki Sano, Guoqiang Chu, Zexin Fan, Narayan P. Gaire, Muhammad Usama Zafar. 2015. A multi-proxy reconstruction of spatial and temporal variations in Asian summer temperatures over the last millennium. Climatic Change. . doi: 10.1007/s10584-015-1413-3","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1007/s10584-015-1413-3","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015-1413-3"},"issue":null,"journal":"Climatic Change","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2015,"reportNumber":null,"title":"A multi-proxy reconstruction of spatial and temporal variations in Asian summer temperatures over the last millennium","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["PAGES Asia 2k","Air Temperature Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"56519","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["2.5","57.5","62.5","142.5"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"142.5","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"57.5","southernmostLatitude":"2.5","westernmostLongitude":"62.5"}},"locationName":"Continent>Asia>Eastern Asia","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"29014","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/shi2015/shi2015asia.txt","linkText":"Asia 1,100 Year Single Series Temperature Reconstruction","urlDescription":"Text Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"\"regularized expectation maximization (RegEM) algorithm with truncated total least squares (TTLS), under a point-by-point regression (PPR) framework\"","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":"regression analysis","cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Jun-Aug","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"\"regularized expectation maximization (RegEM) algorithm with truncated total least squares (TTLS), under a point-by-point regression (PPR) framework\"","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":"unspecified error lower bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":"regression analysis","cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Jun-Aug","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"\"regularized expectation maximization (RegEM) algorithm with truncated total least squares (TTLS), under a point-by-point regression (PPR) framework\"","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":"unspecified error upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":"regression analysis","cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Jun-Aug","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/shi2015/shi2015asia.xlsx","linkText":"Asia 1,100 Year Gridded Temperature Reconstructions, All Data","urlDescription":"Excel Data File","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"Shi2015Asia","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":900,"earliestYearBP":1050,"earliestYearCE":900,"mostRecentYear":1999,"mostRecentYearBP":-49,"mostRecentYearCE":1999,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"29015","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth 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east","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>longitude"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"\"regularized expectation maximization (RegEM) algorithm with truncated total least squares (TTLS), under a point-by-point regression (PPR) framework\"","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":"regression analysis","cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Jun-Aug","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/shi2015/shi2015latlong.txt","linkText":"Asia 1,100 Year Gridded Temperature Reconstruction lat-Long Pairs","urlDescription":"Text Data File","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"Shi2015AsiaGrid","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":900,"earliestYearBP":1050,"earliestYearCE":900,"mostRecentYear":1999,"mostRecentYearBP":-49,"mostRecentYearCE":1999,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Asia"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Asian 1,100 Year Multiproxy Gridded Summer Temperature Reconstructions","studyNotes":"Gridded and region-wide Asian summer (June-July-August) temperature reconstructions for the past 1,100 years. The reconstructions are based on 357 publicly available proxy climate data series from the World Data Center for Paleoclimatology archives (See Shi et al. 2015 supplementary Materials for details).  The gridded reconstructions are at 5 x 5 degree resolution.","version":"1.0","xmlId":"16317"}