{"NOAAStudyId":"19783","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2016-04-01","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-reconstruction","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-recon-19783.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":1950,"earliestYearCE":0,"entryId":"noaa-recon-19783","funding":[],"investigators":"Bocinsky, R.K.; Rush, J.; Kintigh, K.W.; Kohler, T.A.","mostRecentYearBP":-50,"mostRecentYearCE":2000,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/19783","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Cycles of demographic and organizational change are well documented in Neolithic societies, but the social and ecological processes underlying them are debated. Such periodicities are implicit in the “Pecos classification,” a chronology for the pre-Hispanic U.S. Southwest introduced in Science in 1927 which is still widely used. To understand these periodicities, we analyzed 29,311 archaeological tree-ring dates from A.D. 500 to 1400 in the context of a novel high spatial resolution, annual reconstruction of the maize dry-farming niche for this same period. We argue that each of the Pecos periods initially incorporates an “exploration” phase, followed by a phase of “exploitation” of niches that are simultaneously ecological, cultural, and organizational. Exploitation phases characterized by demographic expansion and aggregation ended with climatically driven downturns in agricultural favorability, undermining important bases for social consensus. Exploration phases were times of socio-ecological niche discovery and development.","author":{"name":"R. Kyle Bocinsky, Johnathan Rush, Keith W. Kintigh and Timothy A. Kohler "},"citation":"R. Kyle Bocinsky, Johnathan Rush, Keith W. Kintigh and Timothy A. Kohler. 2016. Exploration and exploitation in the macrohistory of the pre-Hispanic Pueblo Southwest. Science Advances, 2(4), e1501532. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1501532","edition":"e1501532","identifier":{"id":"10.1126/sciadv.1501532","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501532"},"issue":"4","journal":"Science Advances","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2016,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Exploration and exploitation in the macrohistory of the pre-Hispanic Pueblo Southwest","type":"publication","volume":"2"},{"abstract":null,"author":{"name":"R. Kyle Bocinsky and Timothy A. Kohler"},"citation":"R. Kyle Bocinsky and Timothy A. Kohler. 2014. A 2,000-year reconstruction of the rain-fed maize agricultural niche in the US Southwest. Nature Communications, 5(5618). doi: 10.1038/ncomms6618","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1038/ncomms6618","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6618"},"issue":"5618","journal":"Nature Communications","pages":null,"pubRank":"2","pubYear":2014,"reportNumber":null,"title":"A 2,000-year reconstruction of the rain-fed maize agricultural niche in the US Southwest","type":"publication","volume":"5"}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Precipitation Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"56723","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["31","43","-115","-102"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-102","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"43","southernmostLatitude":"31","westernmostLongitude":"-115"}},"locationName":"Continent>North America>United States Of America","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"30443","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>precipitation"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/reconstructions/northamerica/usa/bocinsky2016/","linkText":"SW USA Growing Degree Days (GDD) and Precipitation (PPT) netCDF Data Files","urlDescription":"Data Folder","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"PaleoCAR method; units are degrees Fahrenheit * day","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":"regression analysis","cvSeasonality":"5-month period>May-Sep","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"kelvin day","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature index>growing degree days"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"PaleoCAR method","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":"regression analysis","cvSeasonality":"annual>Oct-Sep","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimeter","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydroclimatic variable>hydroclimate rate>precipitation"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>precipitation"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/reconstructions/northamerica/usa/bocinsky2016/readme-bocinsky2016.txt","linkText":"Southwestern USA Growing Degree Days and Precipitation Reconstructions","urlDescription":"Data Description","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"Bocinsky2016","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":0,"earliestYearBP":1950,"earliestYearCE":0,"mostRecentYear":2000,"mostRecentYearBP":-50,"mostRecentYearCE":2000,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Southwestern USA"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"SW USA 2000 Year Growing Degree Days and Precipitation Reconstructions","studyNotes":"High spatial resolution (30 arc-second) Southwestern United States tree-ring reconstructions of May-September Growing-degree Days (GDD) and Net Water-year Precipitation (previous October - current November). The reconstructions were performed using the \"PaleoCAR\" method detailed in Bocinsky and Kohler (2014). ","version":"1.0","xmlId":"17591"}