{"NOAAStudyId":"21030","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2017-01-12","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-reconstruction","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-recon-21030.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":14020,"earliestYearCE":-12070,"entryId":"noaa-recon-21030","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Swiss National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"PP00P2-114886, 200021_134616"},{"fundingAgency":"European Research Council","fundingGrant":"239858"}],"investigators":"Samartin, S.; Heiri, O.; Joos, F.; Renssen, H.; Franke, J.; Brönnimann, S.; Tinner, W.","mostRecentYearBP":-59,"mostRecentYearCE":2009,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/21030","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Understanding past climate trends is key for reliable projections of global warming and associated risks and hazards. Uncomfortably large discrepancies between vegetation-based summer temperature reconstructions, mainly based on pollen, and climate model results have been reported for the current interglacial, the Holocene. For the Mediterranean region these reconstructions indicate cooler-than-present mid-Holocene summers, in contrast with expectations based on climate models and long-term changes in summer insolation. We present new quantitative and replicated Holocene summer temperature reconstructions based on fossil chironomid midges from the northern central Mediterranean region. The Holocene thermal maximum is reconstructed 9000-5000 years ago and estimated to have been 1-2 °C warmer in mean July temperature than the recent preindustrial period, consistent with glacier and marine records, and with transient climate model runs. This combined evidence implies that widely used pollen-based summer temperature reconstructions in the Mediterranean area are significantly biased by precipitation or other forcings such as early land use. Our interpretation can resolve the previous discrepancy between climate models and quantitative palaeotemperature records for millennial-scale Holocene summer temperature trends in the Mediterranean region. It also suggests that pollen-based evidence for cool mid-Holocene summers in other semi-arid to arid regions of the Northern hemisphere may have to be re-considered, with potential implications for global-scale reconstructions.","author":{"name":"Samartin, Stéphanie, Oliver Heiri, Fortunat Joos, Hans Renssen, Jörg Franke, Stefan Brönnimann, and Willy Tinner"},"citation":"Samartin, Stéphanie, Oliver Heiri, Fortunat Joos, Hans Renssen, Jörg Franke, Stefan Brönnimann, and Willy Tinner. 2017. Warm Mediterranean mid-Holocene summers inferred from fossil midge assemblages. Nature Geoscience. . doi: 10.1038/NGEO2891","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1038/NGEO2891","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2891"},"issue":null,"journal":"Nature Geoscience","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2017,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Warm Mediterranean mid-Holocene summers inferred from fossil midge assemblages","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Air Temperature Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"57023","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["44.39","10.05"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"10.05","maxElevationMeters":"1349","minElevationMeters":"1349","northernmostLatitude":"44.39","southernmostLatitude":"44.39","westernmostLongitude":"10.05"}},"locationName":"Continent>Europe>Southern Europe>Italy","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"31905","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/reconstructions/europe/samartin2017/samartin2017-gemini.txt","linkText":"Lago Gemini Data","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|INSECT|PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|INSECT|PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"calibration data set: Heiri et al. 2011 doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.09.006","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|INSECT|PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>biological assemblage>midge assemblage","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"1-month period>Jul","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Sample-specific estimated standard error of prediction; 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