{"NOAAStudyId":"21090","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2017-02-27","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-reconstruction","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-recon-21090.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":1450,"earliestYearCE":500,"entryId":"noaa-recon-21090","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Swiss National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"IZRPZ0_164735"}],"investigators":"Guillet, S.; Corona, C.; Stoffel, M.; Khodri, M.; Lavigne, F.; Ortega, P.; Eckert, N.; Dkengne Sielenou, P.; Daux, V.; Churakova (Sidorova), O.V.; Davi, N.K.; Edouard, J.-L.; Zhang, Y.; Luckman, B.H.; Myglan, V.S.; Guiot, J.; Beniston, M.; Masson-Delmotte, V.; Oppenheimer, C.","mostRecentYearBP":-50,"mostRecentYearCE":2000,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/21090","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"The eruption of Samalas in Indonesia in 1257 ranks among the largest sulfur-rich eruptions of the Common Era with sulfur deposition in ice cores reaching twice the volume of the Tambora eruption in 1815. Sedimentological analyses of deposits confirm the exceptional size of the event, which had both an eruption magnitude and a volcanic explosivity index of 7. During the Samalas eruption, more than 40 km3 of dense magma was expelled and the eruption column is estimated to have reached altitudes of 43 km. However, the climatic response to the Samalas event is debated since climate model simulations generally predict a stronger and more prolonged surface air cooling of Northern Hemisphere summers than inferred from tree-ring-based temperature reconstructions. Here, we draw on historical archives, ice-core data and tree-ring records to reconstruct the spatial and temporal climate response to the Samalas eruption. We find that 1258 and 1259 experienced some of the coldest Northern Hemisphere summers of the past millennium. However, cooling across the Northern Hemisphere was spatially heterogeneous. Western Europe, Siberia and Japan experienced strong cooling, coinciding with warmer-than-average conditions over Alaska and northern Canada. We suggest that in North America, volcanic radiative forcing was modulated by a positive phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Contemporary records attest to severe famines in England and Japan, but these began prior to the eruption. We conclude that the Samalas eruption aggravated existing crises, but did not trigger the famines.","author":{"name":"Sébastien Guillet, Christophe Corona, Markus Stoffel, Myriam Khodri, Franck Lavigne, Pablo Ortega, Nicolas Eckert, Pascal Dkengne Sielenou, Valérie Daux, Olga V. Churakova (Sidorova), Nicole Davi, Jean-Louis Edouard, Yong Zhang, Brian H. Luckman, Vladimir S. Myglan, Joël Guiot, Martin Beniston, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, Clive Oppenheimer"},"citation":"Sébastien Guillet, Christophe Corona, Markus Stoffel, Myriam Khodri, Franck Lavigne, Pablo Ortega, Nicolas Eckert, Pascal Dkengne Sielenou, Valérie Daux, Olga V. Churakova (Sidorova), Nicole Davi, Jean-Louis Edouard, Yong Zhang, Brian H. Luckman, Vladimir S. Myglan, Joël Guiot, Martin Beniston, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, Clive Oppenheimer. 2017. Climate response to the Samalas volcanic eruption in 1257 revealed by proxy records. Nature Geoscience, 10(2), 123-128. doi: 10.1038/NGEO2875","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1038/NGEO2875","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2875"},"issue":"2","journal":"Nature Geoscience","pages":"123-128","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2017,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Climate response to the Samalas volcanic eruption in 1257 revealed by proxy records","type":"publication","volume":"10"}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Air Temperature Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"34252","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["0","90","-180","180"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"180","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"90","southernmostLatitude":"0","westernmostLongitude":"-180"}},"locationName":"Geographic Region>Northern Hemisphere","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"31804","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air 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