{"NOAAStudyId":"22057","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2017-05-05","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-reconstruction","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-recon-22057.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":11933,"earliestYearCE":-9983,"entryId":"noaa-recon-22057","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"European Union","fundingGrant":"Marie Curie Fellowship 624183, Greentemp"},{"fundingAgency":"Australian Research Council  ","fundingGrant":"DE150100107"}],"investigators":"Kobashi, T.; Menviel, L.; Jeltsch-Thömmes, A.; Vinther, B.M.; Box, J.E.; Muscheler, R.; Nakaegawa, T.; Pfister, P.L.; Döring, M.; Leuenberger, M.; Wanner, H.; Ohmura, A.","mostRecentYearBP":-50,"mostRecentYearCE":2000,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/22057","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Solar variability has been hypothesized to be a major driver of North Atlantic millennial-scale climate variations through the Holocene along with orbitally induced insolation change. However, another important climate driver, volcanic forcing has generally been underestimated prior to the past 2,500 years partly owing to the lack of proper proxy temperature records. Here, we reconstruct seasonally unbiased and physically constrained Greenland Summit temperatures over the Holocene using argon and nitrogen isotopes within trapped air in a Greenland ice core (GISP2). We show that a series of volcanic eruptions through the Holocene played an important role in driving centennial to millennial-scale temperature changes in Greenland. The reconstructed Greenland temperature exhibits significant millennial correlations with K+ and Na+ ions in the GISP2 ice core (proxies for atmospheric circulation patterns), and d18O of Oman and Chinese Dongge cave stalagmites (proxies for monsoon activity), indicating that the reconstructed temperature contains hemispheric signals. Climate model simulations forced with the volcanic forcing further suggest that a series of large volcanic eruptions induced hemispheric-wide centennial to millennial-scale variability through ocean/sea-ice feedbacks. Therefore, we conclude that volcanic activity played a critical role in driving centennial to millennial-scale Holocene temperature variability in Greenland and likely beyond.","author":{"name":"Takuro Kobashi, Laurie Menviel, Aurich Jeltsch-Thömmes, Bo M. Vinther, Jason E. Box, Raimund Muscheler, Toshiyuki Nakaegawa, Patrik L. Pfister, Michael Döring, Markus Leuenberger, Heinz Wanner, Atsumu Ohmura"},"citation":"Takuro Kobashi, Laurie Menviel, Aurich Jeltsch-Thömmes, Bo M. Vinther, Jason E. Box, Raimund Muscheler, Toshiyuki Nakaegawa, Patrik L. Pfister, Michael Döring, Markus Leuenberger, Heinz Wanner, Atsumu Ohmura. 2017. Volcanic influence on centennial to millennial Holocene Greenland temperature change. Scientific Reports, 7, 1441. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01451-7","edition":"1441","identifier":{"id":"10.1038/s41598-017-01451-7","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01451-7"},"issue":null,"journal":"Scientific Reports","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2017,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Volcanic influence on centennial to millennial Holocene Greenland temperature change","type":"publication","volume":"7"}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Air Temperature Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"19978","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["72.6","-38.5"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-38.5","maxElevationMeters":"3200","minElevationMeters":"3200","northernmostLatitude":"72.6","southernmostLatitude":"72.6","westernmostLongitude":"-38.5"}},"locationName":"Continent>North America>Greenland","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"33176","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/reconstructions/kobashi2017/kobashi2017greenland.txt","linkText":"Greenland Holocene Temperature Reconstruction","urlDescription":"Formatted Text Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 15N excess","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 15N excess","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"}]}],"dataTableName":"Kobashi2017Greenland","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":11512,"earliestYearBP":11512,"earliestYearCE":-9562,"mostRecentYear":-43,"mostRecentYearBP":-43,"mostRecentYearCE":1993,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"33177","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/reconstructions/kobashi2017/kobashi2017nh.txt","linkText":"Modeled Northern Hemisphere Average Temperature","urlDescription":"Formatted Text Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"no volcanic","cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"volcanic-no volcanic difference","cvDataType":"PALEOCLIMATIC MODELING","cvDetail":"differenced","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"}]}],"dataTableName":"Kobashi2017NH","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":11512,"earliestYearBP":11512,"earliestYearCE":-9562,"mostRecentYear":-38,"mostRecentYearBP":-38,"mostRecentYearCE":1988,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"33178","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/reconstructions/kobashi2017/kobashi2017volc.txt","linkText":"Volcanic Forcing Time Series","urlDescription":"Formatted Text Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"watt per square meter","cvWhat":"earth system variable>forcing variable>volcanic forcing"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"}]}],"dataTableName":"Kobashi2017volc","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":11933,"earliestYearBP":11933,"earliestYearCE":-9983,"mostRecentYear":-50,"mostRecentYearBP":-50,"mostRecentYearCE":2000,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"34633","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/reconstructions/kobashi2017/kobashi2017d15n.txt","linkText":"Greenland d15N Data","urlDescription":"Formatted Text Data File","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"Kobashi2017d15N","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":11460,"earliestYearBP":11460,"earliestYearCE":-9510,"mostRecentYear":8,"mostRecentYearBP":8,"mostRecentYearCE":1942,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"GISP2"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Greenland 11,500 Year Temperature Reconstruction","studyNotes":"Volcanic forcing time series and Greenland temperature reconstruction, plus modeled Northern Hemisphere average temperature, for the past 11,500 years. Reconstructions are based on argon and nitrogen isotopes from trapped air in the GISP2 Greenland ice core. Greenland Temperature file updated 12/02/2017 - a preliminary version had inadvertently been contributed. Data here are those plotted in Fig.2a.  d15N file (Kobashi et al. 2008) also added 12/02/2017.","version":"1.0","xmlId":"20043"}