{"NOAAStudyId":"22315","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2017-06-30","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-reconstruction","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-recon-22315.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":2000,"earliestYearCE":-50,"entryId":"noaa-recon-22315","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"European Union","fundingGrant":"691037"},{"fundingAgency":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","fundingGrant":"RE3994-1/1"},{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"HSD-08272775, BCS-0940744"},{"fundingAgency":"Swiss National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"STALCLIM (CRSI22_132646/1)"},{"fundingAgency":"European Research Council","fundingGrant":"240167"}],"investigators":"Lechleitner, F.A.; Breitenbach, S.F.M.; Rehfeld, K.; Ridley, H.E.; Asmerom, Y.; Prufer, K.M.; Marwan, N.; Goswami, BH.; Kennett, D.J.; Aquino, V.V.; Polyak, V.J.; Haug, G.H.; Eglinton, T.I.; Baldini, J.U.L.","mostRecentYearBP":-50,"mostRecentYearCE":2000,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/22315","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"The presence of a low- to mid-latitude interhemispheric hydrologic seesaw is apparent over orbital and glacial-interglacial timescales, but its existence over the most recent past remains unclear. Here we investigate, based on climate proxy reconstructions from both hemispheres, the inter-hemispherical phasing of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and the low- to mid-latitude teleconnections in the Northern Hemisphere over the past 2000 years. A clear feature is a persistent southward shift of the ITCZ during the Little Ice Age until the beginning of the 19th Century. Strong covariation between our new composite ITCZ-stack and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) records reveals a tight coupling between these two synoptic weather and climate phenomena over decadal-to-centennial timescales. This relationship becomes most apparent when comparing two precisely dated, high-resolution paleorainfall records from Belize and Scotland, indicating that the low- to mid-latitude teleconnection was also active over annual-decadal timescales. It is likely a combination of external forcing, i.e., solar and volcanic, and internal feedbacks, that drives the synchronous ITCZ and NAO shifts via energy flux perturbations in the tropics.","author":{"name":"Franziska A. Lechleitner, Sebastian F.M. Breitenbach, Kira Rehfeld, Harriet E. Ridley, Yemane Asmerom, Keith M. Prufer, Norbert Marwan, Bedartha Goswami, Douglas J. Kennett, Valorie V. Aquino, Victor Polyak, Gerald H. Haug, Timothy I. Eglinton, James U.L. Baldini"},"citation":"Franziska A. Lechleitner, Sebastian F.M. Breitenbach, Kira Rehfeld, Harriet E. Ridley, Yemane Asmerom, Keith M. Prufer, Norbert Marwan, Bedartha Goswami, Douglas J. Kennett, Valorie V. Aquino, Victor Polyak, Gerald H. Haug, Timothy I. Eglinton, James U.L. Baldini. 2017. Tropical rainfall over the last two millennia: evidence for a low-latitude hydrologic seesaw. Scientific Reports, 7, 45809. doi: 10.1038/srep45809","edition":"45809","identifier":{"id":"10.1038/srep45809","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep45809"},"issue":null,"journal":"Scientific Reports","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2017,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Tropical rainfall over the last two millennia: evidence for a low-latitude hydrologic seesaw","type":"publication","volume":"7"}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Precipitation Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"56413","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-30","30","-180","180"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"180","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"30","southernmostLatitude":"-30","westernmostLongitude":"-180"}},"locationName":"Geographic Region>Tropics","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"33444","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>precipitation"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/reconstructions/lechleitner2017/lechleitner2017precip.txt","linkText":"2000 Year Tropical Rainfall Reconstructions","urlDescription":"Formatted Text Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"SH; Rec Chillagoe","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":null,"cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"standard deviation unit","cvWhat":"statistical variable>proxy composite"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"composited","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"standard deviation unit","cvWhat":"statistical variable>proxy composite"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":"one standard error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"standard deviation unit","cvWhat":"statistical variable>proxy composite"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"composited","cvError":"one standard error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"standard deviation unit","cvWhat":"statistical variable>proxy composite"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"number of records","cvDataType":null,"cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>notes"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":"95% confidence interval lower bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"standard deviation unit","cvWhat":"statistical variable>proxy composite"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"composited","cvError":"95% confidence interval lower bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"standard deviation unit","cvWhat":"statistical variable>proxy composite"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":"95% confidence interval upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"standard deviation unit","cvWhat":"statistical variable>proxy composite"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":"composited","cvError":"95% confidence interval upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"standard deviation unit","cvWhat":"statistical variable>proxy composite"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|TREE RING","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"standard deviation unit","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydroclimatic variable>hydroclimate index>Palmer Drought Severity Index"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"SH; Rec Quelccaya","cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil SMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"standard deviation unit","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"SH; Rec Guadalcanal_10FC","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"NH; low resolution","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"NH; Rec Wanxiang","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"NH; Rec YOK-I","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"NH; Rec Lianhua_short","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"NH; Rec Dayu","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"NH; low resolution; Rec Defore","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"NH; low resolution; Rec Dandak","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"NH; Rec Huangye1","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"NH; Rec Huangye2","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"NH; low resolution; Rec Huangye3","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"NH; Rec SAH","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"SH; Rec Huagapo1","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"SH; Rec Huagapo2","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"SH; Rec Cascayunga D","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"SH; Rec Dante_new","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"SH; Rec Curupira","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"SH; Rec Paudalho","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"SH; Rec Guadalcanal_5FC","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"SH; Rec Dante","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"SH; Rec Denniston_F","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"SH; Rec Denniston_G","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"SH; Rec Denniston_I","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"SH; Rec Denniston_O","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"SH; Rec Denniston_P","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"SH; Rec Denniston_11","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"standard deviation unit","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>titanium"}]}],"dataTableName":"Lechleitner2017precip","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":2000,"earliestYearBP":2000,"earliestYearCE":-50,"mostRecentYear":-50,"mostRecentYearBP":-50,"mostRecentYearCE":2000,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Tropics"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"2000 Year Tropical Rainfall Reconstructions","studyNotes":"Composite reconstruction of low latitude rainfall over the last 2000 years; divided by into NH and SH, as well as combined global reconstruction.","version":"1.0","xmlId":"20388"}