{"NOAAStudyId":"22589","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2017-11-17","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-reconstruction","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-recon-22589.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":1950,"earliestYearCE":0,"entryId":"noaa-recon-22589","funding":[],"investigators":"Stenni, B.; Curran, M.A.J.; Abram, N.J.; Orsi, A.J.; Goursaud, S.; Masson-Delmotte, V.; Neukom, R.; Goosse, H.; Divine, D.V.; van Ommen, T.D.; Steig, E.J.; Dixon, D.A.; Thomas, E.R.; Bertler, N.A.N.; Isaksson, E.; Ekaykin, A.A.; Werner, M.; Frezzotti, M.","mostRecentYearBP":-50,"mostRecentYearCE":2000,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/22589","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Climate trends in the Antarctic region remain poorly characterized, owing to the brevity and scarcity of direct climate observations and the large magnitude of interannual to decadal-scale climate variability. Here, within the framework of the PAGES Antarctica2k working group, we build an enlarged database of ice core water stable isotope records from Antarctica, consisting of 112 records. We produce both unweighted and weighted isotopic (d18O) composites and temperature reconstructions since 0 CE, binned at 5- and 10-year resolution, for seven climatically distinct regions covering the Antarctic continent. Following earlier work of the Antarctica2k working group, we also produce composites and reconstructions for the broader regions of East Antarctica, West Antarctica and the whole continent. We use three methods for our temperature reconstructions: (i) a temperature scaling based on the d18O-temperature relationship output from an ECHAM5-wiso model simulation nudged to ERA-Interim atmospheric reanalyses from 1979 to 2013, and adjusted for the West Antarctic Ice Sheet region to borehole temperature data, (ii) a temperature scaling of the isotopic normalized anomalies to the variance of the regional reanalysis temperature and (iii) a composite-plus-scaling approach used in a previous continent-scale reconstruction of Antarctic temperature since 1 CE but applied to the new Antarctic ice core database. Our new reconstructions confirm a significant cooling trend from 0 to 1900 CE across all Antarctic regions where records extend back into the 1st millennium, with the exception of the Wilkes Land coast and Weddell Sea coast regions. Within this long-term cooling trend from 0 to 1900 CE, we find that the warmest period occurs between 300 and 1000 CE, and the coldest interval occurs from 1200 to 1900 CE. Since 1900 CE, significant warming trends are identified for the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, the Dronning Maud Land coast and the Antarctic Peninsula regions, and these trends are robust across the distribution of records that contribute to the unweighted isotopic composites and also significant in the weighted temperature reconstructions. Only for the Antarctic Peninsula is this most recent century-scale trend unusual in the context of natural variability over the last 2000 years. However, projected warming of the Antarctic continent during the 21st century may soon see significant and unusual warming develop across other parts of the Antarctic continent. The extended Antarctica2k ice core isotope database developed by this working group opens up many avenues for developing a deeper understanding of the response of Antarctic climate to natural and anthropogenic climate forcings. The first long-term quantification of regional climate in Antarctica presented herein is a basis for data-model comparison and assessments of past, present and future driving factors of Antarctic climate.","author":{"name":"Barbara Stenni, Mark A. J. Curran, Nerilie J. Abram, Anais Orsi, Sentia Goursaud, Valerie Masson-Delmotte, Raphael Neukom, Hugues Goosse, Dmitry Divine, Tas van Ommen, Eric J. Steig, Daniel A. Dixon, Elizabeth R. Thomas, Nancy A. N. Bertler, Elisabeth Isaksson, Alexey Ekaykin, Martin Werner, and Massimo Frezzotti"},"citation":"Barbara Stenni, Mark A. J. Curran, Nerilie J. Abram, Anais Orsi, Sentia Goursaud, Valerie Masson-Delmotte, Raphael Neukom, Hugues Goosse, Dmitry Divine, Tas van Ommen, Eric J. Steig, Daniel A. Dixon, Elizabeth R. Thomas, Nancy A. N. Bertler, Elisabeth Isaksson, Alexey Ekaykin, Martin Werner, and Massimo Frezzotti. 2017. Antarctic climate variability on regional and continental scales over the last 2000 years. Climate of the Past, 13(11), 1609-1634. doi: 10.5194/cp-13-1609-2017","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.5194/cp-13-1609-2017","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1609-2017"},"issue":"11","journal":"Climate of the Past","pages":"1609-1634","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2017,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Antarctic climate variability on regional and continental scales over the last 2000 years","type":"publication","volume":"13"}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Air Temperature Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"52860","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-60","-90","-180","180"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"180","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"-90","southernmostLatitude":"-60","westernmostLongitude":"-180"}},"locationName":"Continent>Antarctica","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"33717","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/pages2k/stenni2017antarctica/","linkText":"Antarctic PAGES2k Data","urlDescription":"Data Folder","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"\"Interannual CPS reconstruction (blue line in top panel in Fig.7 for \"\"Whole-Antarctica\"\" region)\"","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":"composite plus scale","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"2RMSE error for interannual reconstruction (bottom panel in Fig. 7 and used for shading in top panel of Fig. 7)","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two root mean square error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Decadal CPS reconstruction (10yr running means; blue line in second panel of Fig. 7)","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|ICE CORES","cvDetail":"smoothed","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"2RMSE error for decadal reconstruction (used for shading in second panel of Fig. 7)","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|ICE CORES","cvDetail":"smoothed","cvError":"two root mean square error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Calibration RE of interannual reconstruction over full calibration period","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Verification RE of interannual reconstruction over validation window 1 (1977-1991; 3rd panel in Fig. 7).","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"verification reduction of error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Verification RE of interannual reconstruction over validation window 2 (1961-1976; 4th panel in Fig. 7).","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"verification reduction of error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Average of the two verficitation REs.","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"verification reduction of error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age>ice age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":"interpolated","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil SMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>precipitation>snow","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"kilogram per square meter per year","cvWhat":"formation property>formation rate>accumulation rate"}]}],"dataTableName":"Stenni2017Ant2k","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":0,"earliestYearBP":1950,"earliestYearCE":0,"mostRecentYear":2000,"mostRecentYearBP":-50,"mostRecentYearCE":2000,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"PAGES Antarctica 2k"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"PAGES Antarctica2k Temperature Reconstructions","studyNotes":null,"version":"1.0","xmlId":"20779"}