{"NOAAStudyId":"26810","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2019-05-14","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-reconstruction","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-recon-26810.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":1040,"earliestYearCE":910,"entryId":"noaa-recon-26810","funding":[],"investigators":"Cook, E.R.; Kushnir, Y.; Smerdon, J.E.; Williams, A.P.; Anchukaitis, K.J.; Wahl, E.R.","mostRecentYearBP":-68,"mostRecentYearCE":2018,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/26810","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"We develop a new reconstruction of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index using a network of 97 Euro-Mediterranean tree-ring series. The reconstruction covers the period 910-2018 C.E., making it the longest annually resolved estimate of winter NAO variability available. We use nested correlation-weighted principal components regression and the Maximum Entropy Bootstrap method to generate a 2400-member ensemble of reconstructions for estimating the final reconstruction and its quantile uncertainties. Extensive validation testing of the new reconstruction against data withheld from the calibration exercise demonstrates its skill. The skill level of the new reconstruction is also an improvement over two NAO reconstructions published earlier. Spectral analyses indicate that the new reconstruction behaves like a \"white noise\" process with intermittent band-limited power, suggesting that the winter NAO is stochastically forced. The \"white noise\" properties of our reconstruction are also shown to be consistent with the spectral properties of long instrumental NAO indices extending back to 1781 and NAO indices extracted from a large number of forced climate model runs covering the last millennium. In contrast, an annually resolved multi-proxy NAO reconstruction of comparable length, based in part on speleothem data, behaves more like externally forced \"red noise\" process, which is inconsistent with our reconstruction, long observations, and forced model runs.","author":{"name":"Cook, Edward R., Yochanan Kushnir, Jason E. Smerdon, A. Park Williams, Kevin J. Anchukaitis, and Eugene R. Wahl"},"citation":"Cook, Edward R., Yochanan Kushnir, Jason E. Smerdon, A. Park Williams, Kevin J. Anchukaitis, and Eugene R. Wahl. 2019. A Euro-Mediterranean tree-ring reconstruction of the winter NAO index since 910 C.E. Climate Dynamics. . doi: 10.1007/s00382-019-04696-2","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1007/s00382-019-04696-2","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04696-2"},"issue":null,"journal":"Climate Dynamics","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2019,"reportNumber":null,"title":"A Euro-Mediterranean tree-ring reconstruction of the winter NAO index since 910 C.E.","type":"publication","volume":null},{"abstract":null,"author":{"name":"Jones, P. , Davies, T. , Lister, D. , Slonosky, V. , Jónsson, T., Bärring, L., Jönsson, P. , Maheras, P. , Kolyva-Machera, F. , Barriendos, M. , Martin-Vide, J. , Rodriguez, R. , Alcoforado, M. , Wanner, H. , Pfister, C. , Luterbacher, J. , Rickli, R. , Schuepbach, E. , Kaas, E. , Schmith, T. , Jacobeit, J. and Beck, C."},"citation":"Jones, P. , Davies, T. , Lister, D. , Slonosky, V. , Jónsson, T., Bärring, L., Jönsson, P. , Maheras, P. , Kolyva-Machera, F. , Barriendos, M. , Martin-Vide, J. , Rodriguez, R. , Alcoforado, M. , Wanner, H. , Pfister, C. , Luterbacher, J. , Rickli, R. , Schuepbach, E. , Kaas, E. , Schmith, T. , Jacobeit, J. and Beck, C. 1999. Monthly mean pressure reconstructions for Europe for the 1780-1995 period. International Journal of Climatology. . doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(19990330)19:4<347::AID-JOC363>3.0.CO","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(19990330)19:4<347::AID-JOC363>3.0.CO","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(19990330)19:4<347::AID-JOC363>3.0.CO"},"issue":null,"journal":"International Journal of Climatology","pages":null,"pubRank":"2","pubYear":1999,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Monthly mean pressure reconstructions for Europe for the 1780-1995 period","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation Patterns Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"56360","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["38","65","-50","-10"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-10","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"65","southernmostLatitude":"38","westernmostLongitude":"-50"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Atlantic Ocean>North Atlantic Ocean","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"39157","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>atmospheric circulation"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/reconstructions/cook2019/cook2019-nao.txt","linkText":"NAO Reconstruction Data","urlDescription":"NOAA Template File","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"NAO recon Cook2019","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":910,"earliestYearBP":1040,"earliestYearCE":910,"mostRecentYear":2018,"mostRecentYearBP":-68,"mostRecentYearCE":2018,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"39158","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>atmospheric circulation"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/reconstructions/cook2019/cook2019-ensemble.txt","linkText":"NAO Reconstruction Ensemble Members","urlDescription":"NOAA Template File","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"NAO ensemble Cook2019","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":910,"earliestYearBP":1040,"earliestYearCE":910,"mostRecentYear":2018,"mostRecentYearBP":-68,"mostRecentYearCE":2018,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"North Atlantic Oscillation"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Winter North Atlantic Oscillation Index Reconstruction from Tree-Rings since 910 C.E.","studyNotes":"In the NAO reconstruction data table, -05%CL is an amount to be subtracted from the median and +95%CL is an amount to be added to the median.","version":"1.0","xmlId":"65799"}