{"NOAAStudyId":"6288","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2006-06-01","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-reconstruction","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-recon-6288.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":450,"earliestYearCE":1500,"entryId":"noaa-recon-6288","funding":[],"investigators":"Luterbacher, J.; Dietrich, D.; Xoplaki, E.; Grosjean, M.; Wanner, H.; Paeth, H.; Steiner, N.","mostRecentYearBP":-54,"mostRecentYearCE":2004,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/6288","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Multiproxy reconstructions of monthly and seasonal surface temperature \r\nfields for Europe back to 1500 show that the late 20th- and early \r\n21st-century European climate is very likely (>95% confidence level) \r\nwarmer than that of any time during the past 500 years. This agrees with \r\nfindings for the entire Northern Hemisphere. European winter average \r\ntemperatures during the period 1500 to 1900 were reduced by ~0.5°C \r\n(0.25°C for annual mean temperatures) compared to the 20th century. \r\nSummer temperatures did not experience systematic century-scale cooling \r\nrelative to present conditions. The coldest European winter was 1708/1709; \r\n2003 was by far the hottest summer.\r\n","author":null,"citation":"Luterbacher, J., D. Dietrich, E. Xoplaki, M. Grosjean, and H. Wanner. 2004. \r\nEuropean seasonal and annual temperature variability, trends and extremes \r\nsince 1500.  Science, 303, 1499-1503","edition":null,"identifier":null,"issue":null,"journal":"Science","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2004,"reportNumber":null,"title":"European seasonal and annual temperature variability, trends and extremes since 1500","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Air Temperature Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"37038","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["35","70","-25","40"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"40","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"70","southernmostLatitude":"35","westernmostLongitude":"-25"}},"locationName":"Continent>Europe","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"21274","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature","earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/historical/europe-seasonal.txt","linkText":"europe-seasonal.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Dec-Feb","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Mar-May","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Jun-Aug","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Sep-Nov","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual>Jan-Dec","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions>air temperature","earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/historical/europe-seasonal-files/","linkText":"Data Folder","urlDescription":"Data Folder","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Jun-Aug","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree north","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>latitude"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree east","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>longitude"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Dec-Feb","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Mar-May","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>multiple proxies","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Sep-Nov","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"}]}],"dataTableName":"L2004","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1500,"earliestYearBP":450,"earliestYearCE":1500,"mostRecentYear":2004,"mostRecentYearBP":-54,"mostRecentYearCE":2004,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Europe"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Xoplaki 2005, Luterbacher 2004 European Seasonal Temperature Reconstructions","studyNotes":"Seasonal averaged European land (25W-40E; 35N-70N) absolute surface \nair temperature 1500-2004.  Data from 1500-1900 are reconstructions.\n\nReference for Winter and Summer data: Luterbacher et al. 2004 \nReference for Spring and Autumn data: Xoplaki et al. 2005\nReferences for Annual data: Xoplaki et al. 2005 and Luterbacher et al. 2004  \n\nData from 1901-2002 are taken from: Mitchell and Jones 2005\nData from 2003-2004 stem from: Hansen et al. 2001\n\nNote that the winter and summer reconstructed values are slightly different \nfrom Luterbacher et al. (2004) for earlier centuries because the \nreconstructions have been redone (i) fitting to Mitchell and Jones (2005)\nobservational data rather than New et al. (2000), (ii) using only instrumental \ntemperature series and temperature-sensitive documentary and natural proxies, \nand (iii) including a few more instrumental series compared to Luterbacher et \nal. (2004). \n\nThe files in the /europe-seasonal-files directory located with this readme\nfile contain seasonal data for a given year.\nThey are named with the year and then a two-letter code to indicate the\nseason.\nsu = summer\nau = autumn\nwi = winter\nsp = spring\n\nThe first row of data in the files is the northernmost row(70N) with data\nvalues going from West to East in each row. The rows then proceed from North\nto South.\n","version":"1.0","xmlId":"2657"}