{"NOAAStudyId":"15321","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2013-07-20","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"TREE RING","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/tree-ring","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-tree-15321.xml","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25921/q6gd-9641","earliestYearBP":212,"earliestYearCE":1738,"entryId":"noaa-tree-15321","funding":[],"investigators":"Cook, E.R.; Palmer, J.G.; Ahmed, M.","mostRecentYearBP":-57,"mostRecentYearCE":2007,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/15321","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Water wars are a prospect in coming years as nations struggle with the effects of climate change, growing water demand, and declining resources. The Indus River supplies water to the world's largest contiguous irrigation system generating 90% of the food production in Pakistan as well as 13 gigawatts of hydroelectricity. Because any gap between water supply and demand has major and far-reaching ramifications, an understanding of natural flow variability is vital - especially when only 47 years of instrumental record is available. A network of tree-ring sites from the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) was used to reconstruct river discharge levels covering the period AD 1452-2008. Novel methods tree-ring detrending based on the 'signal free' method and estimation of reconstruction uncertainty based on the 'maximum entropy bootstrap' are used. This 557-year record displays strong inter-decadal fluctuations that could not have been deduced from the short gauged record. Recent discharge levels are high but not statistically unprecedented and are likely to be associated with increased meltwater from unusually heavy prior winter snowfall. A period of prolonged below-average discharge is indicated during AD 1572-1683. This unprecedented low-flow period may have been a time of persistently below-average winter snowfall and provides a warning for future water resource planning. Our reconstruction thus helps fill the hydrological information vacuum for modeling the Hindu Kush-Karakoram-Himalayan region and is useful for planning future development of UIB water resources in an effort to close Pakistan's \"water gap\". Finally, the river discharge reconstruction provides the basis for comparing past, present, and future hydrologic changes, which will be crucial for detection and attribution of hydroclimate change in the Upper Indus Basin.","author":{"name":"Edward R. Cook, Jonathan G. Palmer, Moinuddin Ahmed, Connie A. Woodhouse, \r\nPavla Fenwick, Muhammad Usama Zafar, Muhammad Wahab, Nasrullah Khan"},"citation":"Edward R. Cook, Jonathan G. Palmer, Moinuddin Ahmed, Connie A. Woodhouse, \r\nPavla Fenwick, Muhammad Usama Zafar, Muhammad Wahab, Nasrullah Khan. 2013. Five centuries of Upper Indus River flow from tree rings. Journal of Hydrology, 486, 365-375. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.02.004","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.02.004","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.02.004"},"issue":null,"journal":"Journal of Hydrology","pages":"365-375","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2013,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Five centuries of Upper Indus River flow from tree rings","type":"publication","volume":"486"}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":["hydrology"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"55657","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["35.5333","74.5"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"74.5","maxElevationMeters":"2650","minElevationMeters":"2650","northernmostLatitude":"35.5333","southernmostLatitude":"35.5333","westernmostLongitude":"74.5"}},"locationName":"Continent>Asia>Southcentral Asia>Pakistan","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"25303","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>tree-ring>width>ring width"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/measurements/correlation-stats/paki026.txt","linkText":"paki026.txt","urlDescription":"Correlation Stats","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>tree-ring>width>ring width"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/measurements/asia/paki026.rwl","linkText":"paki026.rwl","urlDescription":"Raw Measurements","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999","cvDataType":"TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimeter","cvWhat":"physical property>length>total ring width"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>tree-ring>width>ring width"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/measurements/asia/paki026-noaa.rwl","linkText":"paki026-noaa.rwl","urlDescription":"Raw Measurements - NOAA Template File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":"age_CE","cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Tree ID: GOAP011; 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Don.","speciesCode":"PIGE"}],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Gohar Abad Diamer"}],"studyCode":"PAKI026","studyName":"Cook - Gohar Abad Diamer - PIGE - ITRDB PAKI026","studyNotes":"Purpose of Collection: \n# Climatology - precipitation NOAA Template Raw Measurements file added 2019-04-08.","version":"1.0","xmlId":"13104"}