{"NOAAStudyId":"17995","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2015-05-13","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"TREE RING","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/tree-ring","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-tree-17995.xml","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25921/k336-r342","earliestYearBP":951,"earliestYearCE":999,"entryId":"noaa-tree-17995","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Climate Change Consortium for Wales (C3W)","fundingGrant":null},{"fundingAgency":"National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa","fundingGrant":"CSUR13092647960"},{"fundingAgency":"Romanian Ministry of National Education","fundingGrant":"PN-II-ID-PCE-2013-76"}],"investigators":"Woodborne, S.; Hall, G.; Robertson, I.; Patrut, A.; Rouault, M.; Loader, N.J.; Hofmeyr, M.","mostRecentYearBP":-59,"mostRecentYearCE":2009,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/17995","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"A proxy rainfall record for northeastern South Africa based on carbon isotope analysis of four baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) trees shows centennial and decadal scale variability over the last 1,000 years. The record is in good agreement with a 200-year tree ring record from Zimbabwe, and it indicates the existence of a rainfall dipole between the summer and winter rainfall areas of South Africa. The wettest period was c. AD 1075 in the Medieval Warm Period, and the driest periods were c. AD 1635, c. AD 1695 and c. AD 1805 during the Little Ice Age. Decadal-scale variability suggests that the rainfall forcing mechanisms are a complex interaction between proximal and distal factors. Periods of higher rainfall are significantly associated with lower sea-surface temperatures in the Agulhas Current core region and a negative Dipole Moment Index in the Indian Ocean. The correlation between rainfall and the El Niño/Southern Oscillation Index is non-static. Wetter conditions are associated with predominantly El Niño conditions over most of the record, but since about AD 1970 this relationship inverted and wet conditions are currently associated with la Nina conditions. The effect of both proximal and distal oceanic influences are insufficient to explain the rainfall regime shift between the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age, and the evidence suggests that this was the result of a northward shift of the subtropical westerlies rather than a southward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone.","author":{"name":"Stephan Woodborne, Grant Hall, Iain Robertson, Adrian Patrut, Mathieu Rouault, Neil J. Loader, Michele Hofmeyr"},"citation":"Stephan Woodborne, Grant Hall, Iain Robertson, Adrian Patrut, Mathieu Rouault, Neil J. Loader, Michele Hofmeyr. 2015. A 1000-year carbon isotope rainfall proxy record from South African baobab trees (Adansonia digitata L.). PLoS ONE, 10(5), e0124202. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124202 ","edition":"e0124202","identifier":{"id":"10.1371/journal.pone.0124202 ","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124202 "},"issue":"5","journal":"PLoS ONE","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2015,"reportNumber":null,"title":"A 1000-year carbon isotope rainfall proxy record from South African baobab trees (Adansonia digitata L.)","type":"publication","volume":"10"}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":["Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"56469","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-23.262856","-22.382083","31.079624","31.555185"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"31.555185","maxElevationMeters":"300","minElevationMeters":"300","northernmostLatitude":"-22.382083","southernmostLatitude":"-23.262856","westernmostLongitude":"31.079624"}},"locationName":"Continent>Africa>Southern Africa>South Africa","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"28314","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>tree-ring>carbon isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/isotope/africa/pafuri2015d13c.txt","linkText":" Pafuri 1000 Year Baobab Tree Carbon Isotope Data","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"corrected for the decrease in atmospheric δ13C values due to the rise in CO2 caused by fossil fuel combustion since the beginning of the industrialization; composite of 4 trees","cvDataType":"TREE RING","cvDetail":"corrected","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organooxygen compound>cellulose>alpha cellulose","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"corrected for the decrease in atmospheric δ13C values due to the rise in CO2 caused by fossil fuel combustion since the beginning of the industrialization; composite of 4 trees","cvDataType":"TREE RING","cvDetail":"composited","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organooxygen compound>cellulose>alpha cellulose","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"corrected for the decrease in atmospheric δ13C values due to the rise in CO2 caused by fossil fuel combustion since the beginning of the industrialization; smooth: 21-year biweight mean; composite of 4 trees","cvDataType":"TREE RING","cvDetail":"smoothed","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organooxygen compound>cellulose>alpha cellulose","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"corrected for the decrease in atmospheric δ13C values due to the rise in CO2 caused by fossil fuel combustion since the beginning of the industrialization; smooth: 21-year biweight mean; composite of 4 trees","cvDataType":"TREE RING","cvDetail":"corrected","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organooxygen compound>cellulose>alpha cellulose","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"corrected for the decrease in atmospheric δ13C values due to the rise in CO2 caused by fossil fuel combustion since the beginning of the industrialization; smooth: 21-year biweight mean; composite of 4 trees","cvDataType":"TREE RING","cvDetail":"composited","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organooxygen compound>cellulose>alpha cellulose","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"corrected for the decrease in atmospheric δ13C values due to the rise in CO2 caused by fossil fuel combustion since the beginning of the industrialization; smooth: 21-year biweight variance; composite of 4 trees","cvDataType":"TREE RING","cvDetail":"smoothed","cvError":"variance","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organooxygen compound>cellulose>alpha cellulose","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"corrected for the decrease in atmospheric δ13C values due to the rise in CO2 caused by fossil fuel combustion since the beginning of the industrialization; smooth: 21-year biweight variance; composite of 4 trees","cvDataType":"TREE RING","cvDetail":"corrected","cvError":"variance","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organooxygen compound>cellulose>alpha cellulose","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"corrected for the decrease in atmospheric δ13C values due to the rise in CO2 caused by fossil fuel combustion since the beginning of the industrialization; smooth: 21-year biweight variance; composite of 4 trees","cvDataType":"TREE RING","cvDetail":"composited","cvError":"variance","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organooxygen compound>cellulose>alpha cellulose","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"}]}],"dataTableName":"Pafuri2015Baobab13C","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":999,"earliestYearBP":951,"earliestYearCE":999,"mostRecentYear":2009,"mostRecentYearBP":-59,"mostRecentYearCE":2009,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Pafuri"}],"studyCode":"IITRDB13","studyName":"Pafuri, South Africa 1000 Year Baobab Tree Carbon Isotope Data","studyNotes":"Carbon isotopic data of tree rings from South African baobab trees (Adansonia digitata L.) as a rainfall proxy.\r\nIITRDB13","version":"1.0","xmlId":"15697"}