{"NOAAStudyId":"20305","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2016-07-05","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"TREE RING","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/tree-ring","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-tree-20305.xml","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25921/pwzb-3a76","earliestYearBP":195,"earliestYearCE":1755,"entryId":"noaa-tree-20305","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"National Geographic Society","fundingGrant":"GEFNE80-13"}],"investigators":"Wils, T.H.G.; Robertson, I.; Woodborne, S.; Hall, G.; Koprowski, M.; Eshetu, Z.","mostRecentYearBP":-56,"mostRecentYearCE":2006,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/20305","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations affect climate directly through radiative effects and indirectly by changing plant water-use efficiency. Under global warming scenarios these widely reported changes will have a substantial impact on future bush encroachment, crop yields, river flow and climate feedbacks. Tree-ring intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) records for Africa show a 24.6% increase over the 20th century. As high iWUE can partly counterbalance projected decreases in regional precipitation, this research has important implications for those involved in water resource management and highlights the need for climate models to take physiological forcing into account.","author":{"name":"Tommy H.G. Wils, Iain Robertson, Stephan Woodborne, Grant Hall, Marcin Koprowski, Zewdu Eshetu"},"citation":"Tommy H.G. Wils, Iain Robertson, Stephan Woodborne, Grant Hall, Marcin Koprowski, Zewdu Eshetu. 2016. Anthropogenic forcing increases the water use efficiency of African trees. Journal of Quaternary Science, 31(4), 386-390. doi: 10.1002/jqs.2865","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1002/jqs.2865","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2865"},"issue":"4","journal":"Journal of Quaternary Science","pages":"386-390","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2016,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Anthropogenic forcing increases the water use efficiency of African trees","type":"publication","volume":"31"}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":null,"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"56809","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-29.7167","12.6167","15.8667","39.5"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"39.5","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"12.6167","southernmostLatitude":"-29.7167","westernmostLongitude":"15.8667"}},"locationName":"Continent>Africa","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"30968","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>tree-ring>carbon isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/isotope/africa/africa2016d13c-iwue.txt","linkText":"African Tree-Ring d13C and Intrinsic Water-Use Efficiency (iWUE)","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Kuskuam K4C","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"95% confidence interval upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micromole per mole","cvWhat":"earth system variable>ecosystem variable>ecosystem index>intrinsic water use efficiency"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Kuskuam K3A","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"95% confidence interval upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micromole per mole","cvWhat":"earth system variable>ecosystem variable>ecosystem index>intrinsic water use efficiency"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Kuskuam K5C","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"95% confidence interval upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micromole per mole","cvWhat":"earth system variable>ecosystem variable>ecosystem index>intrinsic water use efficiency"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Kuskuam K6A","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"95% confidence interval upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micromole per mole","cvWhat":"earth system variable>ecosystem variable>ecosystem index>intrinsic water use efficiency"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Kuskuam K7A","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"95% confidence interval upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micromole per mole","cvWhat":"earth system variable>ecosystem variable>ecosystem index>intrinsic water use efficiency"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Kuskuam mean","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"95% confidence interval upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micromole per mole","cvWhat":"earth system variable>ecosystem variable>ecosystem index>intrinsic water use efficiency"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Hugumburda","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"95% confidence interval upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micromole per mole","cvWhat":"earth system variable>ecosystem variable>ecosystem index>intrinsic water use efficiency"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Kwazulu-Natal","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"95% confidence interval upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micromole per mole","cvWhat":"earth system variable>ecosystem variable>ecosystem index>intrinsic water use efficiency"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Koichab Valley","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"95% confidence interval upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micromole per mole","cvWhat":"earth system variable>ecosystem variable>ecosystem index>intrinsic water use efficiency"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Kuskuam K3A","cvDataType":"TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>tissue>wood","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Kuskuam K4C","cvDataType":"TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>tissue>wood","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Kuskuam K5C","cvDataType":"TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>tissue>wood","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Kuskuam K6A","cvDataType":"TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>tissue>wood","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Kuskuam K7A","cvDataType":"TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>tissue>wood","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Kuskuam mean","cvDataType":"TREE RING","cvDetail":"composited","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>tissue>wood","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Hugumburda","cvDataType":"TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>organooxygen compound>cellulose>alpha cellulose","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Kwazulu-Natal","cvDataType":"TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>tissue>wood","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Koichab Valley","cvDataType":"TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>tissue>wood","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"}]}],"dataTableName":"Africad13CiWUE","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1755,"earliestYearBP":195,"earliestYearCE":1755,"mostRecentYear":2006,"mostRecentYearBP":-56,"mostRecentYearCE":2006,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"AfricaSE"}],"studyCode":"IITRDB15","studyName":"African Tree-Ring 250 Year d13C and Intrinsic Water-Use Efficiency (iWUE)","studyNotes":"Annual carbon isotope and intrinsic water-use efficiency values from 8 trees from Ethiopia, Namibia, and South Africa\r\nIITRDB15","version":"1.0","xmlId":"18080"}