comparing the measured d18O values in the mean isotopic composition of lakewater, rainfall, and groundwater.

Benson, L.; Kashgarian, M.; Rye, R.; Lund, S.; Paillet, F.; Smoot, J.; Kester, C.; Mensing, S.; Meko, D.; Lindstrom, S.

oxygen isotope record from Pyramid Lake, Nevada

Benson, Larry and Kashgarian, Michaele and Rye, Robert and Lund, Steve and Paillet, Fred and Smoot, Joseph and Kester, Cynthia and Mensing, Scott and Meko, Dave and Lindström, Susan

Holocene multidecadal and multicentennial droughts affecting Northern California and Nevada

hydrologic mass balance modeling with 18O

Note added by NAm2k hydroclimate authors:  Plots of lakewater 18O relative to local meteoric water line indicate evaporative enrichment of lakewater

comparison of 18O lakewater with 18O precipitation

Rice Lake Ostracode Mg/Ca Ratios - Drought Frequency Data

Possible solar forcing of century-scale drought frequency in the northern Great Plains

Magnesium/Calcium ratios of benthic ostracodes

juveniles molt predominantly during mid-summer, thus minimizing the effect of intra-annual variation in hydrochemistry

Juvenile shells of Candona rawsoni (a benthic ostracode species with broad salinity tolerance)

Evaporative enrichment causes selective removal of Ca from lake water due to precipitation of calcium carbonates. Thus, the Mg/Ca ratios and salinity of lake water increase during drought periods in closed-basin lakes

Marsicek, Jeremiah P.; Shuman, Bryan; Brewer, Simon; Foster, David R.; Oswald, W. Wyatt

Davis MB. Climatic changes in southern Connecticut recorded by pollen deposition at Rogers Lake. Ecology. 1969 May 1:409-22.

Increased probability of fire during late Holocene droughts in northern New England

detrended to remove millennial-scale variability in the record, which may be unrelated to climate and caused by autogenic factors, such as lateral bog growth

performed using a LOESS curve applied to 1,000 years

Anderson, N. J. and Liversidge, A. C. and McGowan, S. and Jones, M. D.

Lake and catchment response to Holocene environmental change: spatial variability along a climate gradient in southwest Greenland