#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
#                World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
#                                  and 
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 

# NOTE: Please cite original reference when using these data,
# plus the Online Resource and date accessed.

# Original_Source_URL: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/insecta/chironomidae/northamerica/usa/alaska/moose2010.txt
# Archive: Lake sediment
#--------------------
# Contribution_Date
# Date: 03-Jan-2015
#--------------------
# Title
# Study_name: Moose lake Alaska Range Lake sediment Midge assemblages
#--------------------
# Investigators
# Investigators: Clegg, Benjamin F. and Clarke, Gina H. and Chipman, Melissa L. and Chou, Michael and Walker, Ian R. and Tinner, Willy and Hu, Feng Sheng
#--------------------
# Publication
#       Authors: McKay, N.P. and Kaufman, D.S. 
#       Journal_Name: Nature Scientific Data
#       Published Title: An extended Arctic proxy temperature database for the past 2,000 years 
#       Published Date: August 2014 
#       DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2014.26 
#       Abstract: Robust climate reconstructions of the most recent centuries and millennia are invaluable for placing modern warming in the context of natural variability. Here we present an extended and revised database (version 1.1) of proxy temperature records recently used to reconstruct Arctic temperatures for the past 2,000 years. The datasets are presented in a machine-readable format, and have been extended with the geochronologic data and consistently generated time-uncertain ensembles, which will be useful in future analyses of the influence of geochronologic uncertainty. A revised reconstruction using the included updates and corrections suggests a stronger long-term cooling trend between AD 1 and 1900 than previously reported, although decadal to century variability remains consistent with previous studies. Comparisons with the observational record of temperature suggest that as a whole, the datasets faithfully record temperature variability across the Arctic, especially in northeast Canada and Greenland, where the density of records is highest. 
#--------------------
# Publication
#       Authors: Clegg, Benjamin F. and Clarke, Gina H. and Chipman, Melissa L. and Chou, Michael and Walker, Ian R. and Tinner, Willy and Hu, Feng Sheng 
#       Journal Name: Quaternary Science Reviews 
#       Published Title: Six millennia of summer temperature variation based on midge analysis of lake sediments from Alaska 
#       Published Date: 2010 
#       DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.08.001 
#       Abstract: Despite their importance for evaluating anthropogenic climatic change, quantitative temperature reconstructions of the Holocene remain scarce from northern high-latitude regions. We conducted high-resolution midge analysis on the sediments of the past 6000 years from a lake in south-central Alaska. Results were used to estimate mean July air temperature (TJuly) variations on the basis of a midge temperature transfer function. The TJuly estimates from the near-surface samples are broadly consistent with instrumental and treering-based temperature data. Together with previous studies, these results suggest that midge assemblages are more sensitive to small shifts in summer temperature ( 0.5 °C) than indicated by the typical error range of midge temperature transfer functions ( 1.5 °C). A piecewise linear regression analysis identifies a significant change point at ca 4000 years before present (cal BP) in our TJuly record, with a decreasing trend after this point. Episodic TJuly peaks ( 14.5 °C) between 5500 and 4200 cal BP and the subsequent climatic cooling may have resulted from decreasing summer insolation associated with the precessional cycle. Centennial-scale climatic cooling of up to 1 °C occurred around 4000, 3300, 1800–1300, 600, and 250 cal BP. These cooling events were more pronounced and lasted longer during the last two millennia than between 2000 and 4000 cal BP. Some of these events have counterparts in climatic records from elsewhere in Alaska and other regions of the Northern Hemisphere, including several roughly synchronous with known grand minima in solar irradiance. Over the past 2000 years, our TJuly record displays patterns similar to those inferred from a wide variety of temperature proxy indicators at other sites in Alaska, including fluctuations coeval with the Little Ice Age, the Medieval Climate Anomaly, and the First Millennial Cooling (centered around 1400 cal BP). To our knowledge, this study offers the first high-resolution, quantitative record of summer temperature variation that spans longer than the past 2000 years from the high-latitude regions around the North Pacific. 
#--------------------
# Site_Information
#        Site_Name: Moose lake
#        Region: Arctic
#        Northernmost Latitude: 61.35
#        Southernmost Latitude: 61.35
#        Easternmost Longitude: -143.6
#        Westernmost Longitude: -143.6
#--------------------
# Data_Collection
#        Collection_Name: Clegg.2010.Moose lake
#        Earliest_Year: -718.15
#        Most_Recent_Year: 1963
#        Time_Unit: AD
#        Core_Length: 70.25 (in cm)
#--------------------
# Chronology
          depth_bot (mm) | depth_top (mm) | age14C (bp) | age_error (years) | age (bp) | cal_age_range_old (bp) | cal_age_range_young (2_s) | depth (mm) | thickness (mm)
          0                0                NA            1                   -50        NA                       NA                          0            0
          100              100              NA            5                   64         NA                       NA                          100          0
          240              250              320           35                  NA         470                      300                         245          10
          290              300              370           35                  NA         525                      395                         295          10
          340              360              1030          40                  NA         1010                     900                         350          20
          400              410              600           45                  NA         660                      530                         405          10
          510              520              1575          35                  NA         1536                     1386                        515          10
          550              560              1730          40                  NA         1717                     1545                        555          10
          780              790              2970          50                  NA         3367                     2863                        785          10
          1100             1110             3485          40                  NA         3872                     3640                        1105         10
          1300             1310             4005          45                  NA         4655                     4301                        1305         10
          1680             1690             5250          40                  NA         6084                     5924                        1685         10
#--------------------
# Variables
# Data line variables format:  9 components, and a 10th for climate-sensitive variables: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data, direction of relation to climate (positive or negative)
## depth_cm	 depth, , , cm, , ,middle of sample, ,N 
## depthUpper_cm	 depth, , , cm, , ,top of sample, ,N 
## depthLower_cm	 depth, , , cm, , ,bottom of sample, ,N 
## year_AD	 age, , , AD, , ,middle of sample, Bacon ,N 
## yearYoung_AD	 age, , , AD, , ,top of sample, Bacon ,N 
## yearOld_AD	 age, , , AD, , ,bottom of sample, Bacon ,N 
## temp_C	 Temperature,midges,,deg C,Jul,Paleolimnology,,WA-PLS,N,positive
#--------------------
# Data
# Missing_Values: NA
# Age Ensembles archived at Clegg.2010.Moose lake_AgeEnsemble.nc 
#depth_cm	depthUpper_cm	depthLower_cm	year_AD	yearYoung_AD	yearOld_AD	temp_C	
3.25	 3	 3.5	 1963.00	 1965.8	 1960.2	 13.77
5.25	 5	 5.5	 1940.35	 1943.2	 1937.5	 13.43
6.25	 6	 6.5	 1929.00	 1931.8	 1926.2	 13.63
7.25	 7	 7.5	 1917.80	 1920.6	 1915.0	 13.79
8.25	 8	 8.5	 1906.55	 1909.4	 1903.7	 13.52
10.50	 10	 11.0	 1876.60	 1886.5	 1866.7	 13.46
12.50	 12	 13.0	 1836.85	 1847.2	 1826.5	 13.51
13.50	 13	 14.0	 1816.35	 1826.5	 1806.2	 13.76
14.50	 14	 15.0	 1795.60	 1806.2	 1785.0	 13.63
16.50	 16	 17.0	 1753.60	 1763.8	 1743.4	 13.04
17.50	 17	 18.0	 1733.20	 1743.4	 1723.0	 13.44
18.50	 18	 19.0	 1712.30	 1723.0	 1701.6	 13.51
19.50	 19	 20.0	 1690.85	 1701.6	 1680.1	 12.82
20.50	 20	 21.0	 1669.80	 1680.1	 1659.5	 13.35
21.50	 21	 22.0	 1649.15	 1659.5	 1638.8	 13.31
22.50	 22	 23.0	 1628.55	 1638.8	 1618.3	 13.76
23.50	 23	 24.0	 1608.05	 1618.3	 1597.8	 13.55
24.50	 24	 25.0	 1588.45	 1597.8	 1579.1	 13.52
25.50	 25	 26.0	 1569.85	 1579.1	 1560.6	 13.60
26.50	 26	 27.0	 1552.15	 1560.6	 1543.7	 14.29
27.50	 27	 28.0	 1535.30	 1543.7	 1526.9	 13.91
28.50	 28	 29.0	 1518.75	 1526.9	 1510.6	 13.45
29.50	 29	 30.0	 1502.55	 1510.6	 1494.5	 14.05
30.50	 30	 31.0	 1484.15	 1494.5	 1473.8	 13.67
31.50	 31	 32.0	 1463.60	 1473.8	 1453.4	 13.27
32.50	 32	 33.0	 1442.45	 1453.4	 1431.5	 13.74
33.50	 33	 34.0	 1421.00	 1431.5	 1410.5	 13.57
35.00	 34	 36.0	 1389.90	 1410.5	 1369.1	 13.34
36.50	 36	 37.0	 1358.70	 1369.1	 1348.3	 13.18
37.50	 37	 38.0	 1338.05	 1348.3	 1327.8	 13.70
38.50	 38	 39.0	 1317.75	 1327.8	 1307.7	 13.68
39.50	 39	 40.0	 1297.90	 1307.7	 1288.1	 13.77
40.50	 40	 41.0	 1272.20	 1288.1	 1256.3	 14.13
41.50	 41	 42.0	 1240.25	 1256.3	 1224.2	 13.99
42.50	 42	 43.0	 1187.25	 1224.2	 1150.3	 13.93
43.50	 43	 44.0	 1113.50	 1150.3	 1076.7	 13.96
44.50	 44	 45.0	 1038.65	 1076.7	 1000.6	 14.23
45.50	 45	 46.0	 962.80	 1000.6	 925.0	 13.73
46.50	 46	 47.0	 886.00	 925.0	 847.0	 13.82
47.50	 47	 48.0	 808.00	 847.0	 769.0	 14.03
49.00	 48	 50.0	 695.60	 769.0	 621.1	 13.72
50.50	 50	 51.0	 586.05	 621.1	 551.0	 13.92
51.50	 51	 52.0	 515.10	 551.0	 479.2	 13.43
52.50	 52	 53.0	 456.25	 479.2	 433.3	 13.36
53.50	 53	 54.0	 409.95	 433.3	 386.6	 13.46
54.50	 54	 55.0	 363.55	 386.6	 340.5	 13.27
55.50	 55	 56.0	 317.30	 340.5	 294.1	 13.81
56.50	 56	 57.0	 265.55	 294.1	 237.0	 13.70
57.50	 57	 58.0	 209.00	 237.0	 181.0	 13.55
58.50	 58	 59.0	 151.85	 181.0	 122.7	 13.32
59.50	 59	 60.0	 93.35	 122.7	 64.0	 13.81
60.50	 60	 61.0	 35.00	 64.0	 6.0	 14.08
61.50	 61	 62.0	 -23.15	 6.0	 -52.3	 13.99
62.50	 62	 63.0	 -80.50	 -52.3	 -108.7	 13.80
63.50	 63	 64.0	 -136.85	 -108.7	 -165.0	 13.79
64.50	 64	 65.0	 -193.85	 -165.0	 -222.7	 14.18
65.50	 65	 66.0	 -251.50	 -222.7	 -280.3	 13.81
66.50	 66	 67.0	 -309.45	 -280.3	 -338.6	 14.14
67.50	 67	 68.0	 -367.80	 -338.6	 -397.0	 13.57
68.50	 68	 69.0	 -425.70	 -397.0	 -454.4	 13.98
69.50	 69	 70.0	 -482.95	 -454.4	 -511.5	 13.68
71.50	 71	 72.0	 -600.25	 -570.5	 -630.0	 13.92
73.50	 73	 74.0	 -718.15	 -688.8	 -747.5	 13.65
