#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
#                World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
#                                  and 
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 

# NOTE: Please cite original reference when using these data,
# plus the Online Resource and date accessed.

# Original_Source_URL: 
# Archive: Lake sediment
#--------------------
# Contribution_Date
# Date: 13-Jun-2014
#--------------------
# Title
# Study_name: Lake Pieni-Kauro Finland Lake sediment Chironomids
#--------------------
# Investigators
# Investigators: Luoto, Tomi P. and Helama, Samuli
#--------------------
# Publication
#       Authors: McKay, N.P. and Kaufman, D.S. 
#       Journal_Name: Nature Scientific Data
#       Published Title: An extended Arctic proxy temperature database for the past 2,000 years 
#       Published Date: In review 
#       DOI: TBD 
#       Abstract: Robust climate reconstructions of the most recent centuries and millennia are invaluable for placing modern warming in the context of natural variability. Here we present an extended and revised database (version 1.1) of proxy temperature records recently used to reconstruct Arctic temperatures for the past 2,000 years. The datasets are presented in a machine-readable format, and have been extended with the geochronologic data and consistently generated time-uncertain ensembles, which will be useful in future analyses of the influence of geochronologic uncertainty. A revised reconstruction using the included updates and corrections suggests a stronger long-term cooling trend between AD 1 and 1900 than previously reported, although decadal to century variability remains consistent with previous studies. Comparisons with the observational record of temperature suggest that as a whole, the datasets faithfully record temperature variability across the Arctic, especially in northeast Canada and Greenland, where the density of records is highest. 
#--------------------
# Publication
#       Authors: Luoto, Tomi P. and Helama, Samuli 
#       Journal Name: Quaternary Science Reviews 
#       Published Title: Palaeoclimatological and palaeolimnological records from fossil midges and tree-rings: the role of the North Atlantic Oscillation in eastern Finland through the Medieval Climate Anomaly and Little Ice Age 
#       Published Date: 2010 
#       DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.06.015 
#       Abstract: Hydrological changes and air temperature variability are reconstructed from the sediments of Lake Pieni-Kauro, eastern Finland during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and Little Ice Age (LIA) using transfer functions derived from midge (Insecta: Nematocera)-based calibration models. The reconstructions are compared with a regional tree-ring chronology and sediment physical properties are determined to track depositional changes. An objective of the study is to examine the long-term relationship between the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and climate (temperature, precipitation). Our results show that the MCA was characterized by warm and dry summer conditions, which were accompanied by changes in the sediment magnetic susceptibility values most likely representing major forest fires during the tree-ring indicated MCA megadrought. However, the midge-based stream flow reconstruction shows increased values during the MCA, thus implying enhanced spring floods after snowy winters. During the LIA, the tree-ring data indicate that a generally wetter climate prevailed during summers, but the stream flow reconstruction indicates less snowy winters. In the terms of long-term climatology, the present results show support to the concept that the NAO has a positive correlation between winter precipitation and annual temperature and a negative correlation between summer precipitation in eastern Finland. Thus, the results may serve as important background data for global change assessments. 
#--------------------
# Site_Information
#        Site_Name: Lake Pieni-Kauro
#        Region: Arctic
#        Northernmost Latitude: 64.28
#        Southernmost Latitude: 64.28
#        Easternmost Longitude: 30.12
#        Westernmost Longitude: 30.12
#--------------------
# Data_Collection
#        Collection_Name: Luoto.2010.Lake Pieni-Kauro
#        Earliest_Year: 462.4
#        Most_Recent_Year: 1978.9
#        Time_Unit: AD
#        Core_Length: 35 (in cm)
#--------------------
# Chronology
          depth (mm) | age14C (bp) | age_error (1s) | age (bp)
          0            NA            1               -50
          210          975           25               NA
          270          1440          40               NA
          300          1260          30               NA
          350          1540          120              NA
#--------------------
# Variables
# Data line variables format:  9 components, and a 10th for climate-sensitive variables: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data, direction of relation to climate (positive or negative)
## depth_cm	 depth, , , cm, , ,middle of sample, ,N 
## depthUpper_cm	 depth, , , cm, , ,top of sample, ,N 
## depthLower_cm	 depth, , , cm, , ,bottom of sample, ,N 
## year_AD	 age, , , AD, , ,middle of sample, Bacon ,N 
## yearYoung_AD	 age, , , AD, , ,top of sample, Bacon ,N 
## yearOld_AD	 age, , , AD, , ,bottom of sample, Bacon ,N 
## temp_C	 Temperature,Chironomid,,deg C,July,Paleolimnology,,,N,positive
#--------------------
# Data
# Missing_Values: NA
# Age Ensembles archived at Luoto.2010.Lake Pieni-Kauro_AgeEnsemble.nc 
#depth_cm	depthUpper_cm	depthLower_cm	year_AD	yearYoung_AD	yearOld_AD	temp_C	
0.5	 0	 1	 1978.90	 2000.0	 1957.8	 16.0638
1.5	 1	 2	 1935.30	 1957.8	 1912.8	 15.5643
2.5	 2	 3	 1891.15	 1912.8	 1869.5	 14.7516
3.5	 3	 4	 1848.00	 1869.5	 1826.5	 15.0130
4.5	 4	 5	 1803.50	 1826.5	 1780.5	 15.2795
5.5	 5	 6	 1758.55	 1780.5	 1736.6	 14.8696
6.5	 6	 7	 1714.80	 1736.6	 1693.0	 15.0404
7.5	 7	 8	 1671.25	 1693.0	 1649.5	 15.0354
8.5	 8	 9	 1627.65	 1649.5	 1605.8	 15.0765
9.5	 9	 10	 1583.35	 1605.8	 1560.9	 14.9170
10.5	 10	 11	 1538.60	 1560.9	 1516.3	 15.3767
11.5	 11	 12	 1493.90	 1516.3	 1471.5	 15.0060
12.5	 12	 13	 1449.80	 1471.5	 1428.1	 15.0699
13.5	 13	 14	 1406.20	 1428.1	 1384.3	 15.3910
14.5	 14	 15	 1361.80	 1384.3	 1339.3	 15.0222
15.5	 15	 16	 1316.85	 1339.3	 1294.4	 14.9895
16.5	 16	 17	 1272.50	 1294.4	 1250.6	 14.8651
17.5	 17	 18	 1228.65	 1250.6	 1206.7	 15.2748
18.5	 18	 19	 1184.50	 1206.7	 1162.3	 15.7886
19.5	 19	 20	 1139.65	 1162.3	 1117.0	 15.2087
20.5	 20	 21	 1095.25	 1117.0	 1073.5	 15.5188
21.5	 21	 22	 1050.70	 1073.5	 1027.9	 15.4316
22.5	 22	 23	 1005.75	 1027.9	 983.6	 15.5385
23.5	 23	 24	 961.10	 983.6	 938.6	 15.5770
24.5	 24	 25	 916.05	 938.6	 893.5	 15.9068
25.5	 25	 26	 871.35	 893.5	 849.2	 16.0269
26.5	 26	 27	 826.90	 849.2	 804.6	 15.9062
27.5	 27	 28	 785.10	 804.6	 765.6	 15.3044
28.5	 28	 29	 750.40	 765.6	 735.2	 15.2633
29.5	 29	 30	 719.75	 735.2	 704.3	 16.3229
30.5	 30	 31	 687.45	 704.3	 670.6	 16.1583
31.5	 31	 32	 647.65	 670.6	 624.7	 15.5380
32.5	 32	 33	 601.75	 624.7	 578.8	 15.2082
33.5	 33	 34	 555.80	 578.8	 532.8	 15.4056
34.5	 34	 35	 509.20	 532.8	 485.6	 14.5046
35.5	 35	 36	 462.40	 485.6	 439.2	 15.6389
