# Papua New Guinea Holocene and Modern Coral Oxygen Isotope Data 
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#                World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
#                                  and 
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
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# NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. 
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. 
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# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo/f?p=519:1:::::P1_STUDY_ID:9813
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# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/24611
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# Original_Source_URL: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/papua_new_guinea/papau-new-guinea2004.txt
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# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
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# Archive: Corals and Sclerosponges
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# Contribution_Date
#	Date: 2010-11-01
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# Title
#	Study_Name: Papua New Guinea Holocene and Modern Coral Oxygen Isotope Data
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# Investigators
#       Investigators: McGregor, H.V.; Gagan, M.K.
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# Description_and_Notes
#	Description: Fossil and modern coral d18O data from Koil Island and Muschu Island,  northern Papua New Guinea, collected from uplifted and living reefs.  Fossil corals were screened for diagenesis using X-ray diffraction  and thin section observations. Eight mid-late Holocene fossil corals  were selected for study due to their well preserved state.  Uranium-series ages of these corals were determined by isotope dilution  thermal ionisation mass spectrometry, with fossil coral initial d234U  constrained to 146 to 150 per mil. The average error on the uranium-series  ages is plus or minus 90 yr. 
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# Publication 
#       Authors: McGregor, H.V.; Gagan, M.K.
#       Published_Date_or_Year: 2004
#       Published_Title: Western Pacific coral d18O records of anomalous Holocene variability in the El Nino-Southern Oscillation.
#       Journal_Name: Geophysical Research Letters
#       Volume: 31
#       Edition: 
#       Issue: L11204
#       Pages: 
#       DOI: 10.1029/2004GL019972
#       Online_Resource: 
#       Full_Citation: McGregor, H.V., and M.K. Gagan. 2004. Western Pacific coral d18O records of anomalous Holocene variability in the El Nino-Southern Oscillation. Geophysical Research Letters, 31, L11204, doi:10.1029/2004GL019972. 
#       Abstract: Skeletal oxygen isotope ratios in Holocene Porites corals from  northern Papua New Guinea record decreases in sea surface temperature  (SST) and rainfall during El Nino events. Threshold analysis of seven  fossil coral d18O records spanning the period 7.6-5.4 ka (thousand  years ago) shows 8-12 El Nino events/century, significantly less  than the 23 events/century recorded by the NINO3.4 Index. The coral  reconstructions also show a 15% reduction in El Nino event amplitude  for 7.6-5.4 ka, compared to today, which is greater than the  suppression given by model studies. In contrast, large and protracted  El Nino events are identified for 2.5-1.7 ka. Taken together,  the results indicate a nonlinear atmospheric response to Holocene  changes in El Nino SST anomalies. We propose that small changes  in tropical SST gradients, the positioning of the Intertropical  Convergence Zone, and the Pacific tradewind climatology modify  the impact of El Nino events on western Pacific rainfall.
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#	Authors: Anderson, D.M., Tardif, R., Horlick, K., Erb, M.P., Hakim, G.J., Noone, D., Perkins, W.A., and E. Steig
#	Published_Date_or_Year: 2018
#	Published_Title: Additions to the last millennium reanalysis multi-proxy database
#	Journal_Name: Data Science Journal
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#	Edition:
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#	DOI:
#	Online_Resource:
#	Full_Citation: Anderson, D.M., Tardif, R., Horlick, K., Erb, M.P., Hakim, G., J., Noone, D., Perkins, W.A., and E. Steig, submitted. Additions to the last millennium reanalysis multi-proxy database. Data Science Journal.
#	Abstract: Progress in paleoclimatology increasingly occurs via data syntheses. We describe additions to a collection prepared for use in paleoclimate state estimation, specifically the Last Millennium Reanalysis (LMR).  The 2290 additional series include 2152 tree ring chronologies and 138 other series.  They supplement the collection used previously and together form a database titled LMRdb 1.0.0. The additional data draws from lake core, ice core, coral, speleothem, and tree ring archives, using published data primarily from the NOAA Paleoclimatology archive and a set of tree ring width chronologies standardized from raw International Tree Ring Data Bank ring width series. In contrast to many previous paleo compilations, the data were not selected (screened) on the basis of their environmental correlation, multi-century length, or other attributes. The inclusion of proxies sensitive to moisture and other environmental variables expands their use in data assimilation.  A preliminary calibration using linear regression with mean annual temperature reveals characteristics of the proxy series and their relationship to temperature, as well as the noise and error characteristics of the records. The additional records are structured as individual files in the NOAA Paleoclimatology format and archived at NOAA Paleoclimatology (Anderson et al. 2018) and will continue to be improved and expanded as part of the LMR Project.  The additions represent a four-fold increase in the number of records available for assimilation, provide expanded geographic coverage, and add additional proxy variables.  Applications include data assimilation, proxy system model development, and paleoclimate reconstruction using climate field reconstruction and other methods.
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# Funding_Agency 
#       Funding_Agency_Name: 
#       Grant: 
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#	Funding_Agency_Name: National Science Foundation
#	Grant:AGS-1304263
#	Funding_Agency_Name: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
#	Grant:NA14OAR4310176
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# Site_Information 
#       Site_Name: Cape Saum, Muschu Island, Papua New Guinea
#       Location: Ocean>Pacific Ocean>South Pacific Ocean>Melanesia>Papua New Guinea
#	Country: Papua New Guinea 
#	Northernmost_Latitude: -3.411787 
# 	Southernmost_Latitude: -3.411787 
# 	Easternmost_Longitude: 143.637013 
# 	Westernmost_Longitude: 143.637013 
# 	Elevation:   
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# Data_Collection   
#	Collection_Name: 04papu01a 
#	Earliest_Year: 1910
#	Most_Recent_Year: 1997
#	Time_Unit: y_ad
#	Core_Length: 
#	Notes: {"database":"LMR"} 
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# Species
#	Species_Name: Porites sp. 
#	Common_Name: 
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# Chronology: 
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# Variables 
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# Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Data line variables format:  Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) 
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##age	age, , ,y_ad, , Corals and Sclerosponges, , ,N
##d18O	delta 18 Oxygen, Porites sp., , permil VPDB, , Corals and Sclerosponges, , ,N
##d18O_anom	delta 18 Oxygen anomaly, Porites sp., , permil VPDB, , Corals and Sclerosponges, normalized to series mean, ,N
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# Data:
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing Values: NAN
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age	d18O	d18O_norm
1997	-5.21	0.29
1996	-5.68	-0.18
1995	-5.66	-0.16
1994	-5.52	-0.02
1993	-5.35	0.15
1992	-5.35	0.15
1991	-5.4	0.11
1990	-5.5	0.01
1989	-5.62	-0.11
1988	-5.68	-0.17
1987	-5.35	0.17
1986	-5.49	0.03
1985	-5.71	-0.19
1984	-5.67	-0.15
1983	-5.37	0.15
1982	-5.44	0.08
1981	-5.57	-0.05
1980	-5.48	0.03
1979	-5.58	-0.07
1978	-5.55	-0.04
1977	-5.38	0.12
1976	-5.51	-0.01
1975	-5.51	-0.02
1974	-5.53	-0.04
1973	-5.48	0.01
1972	-5.23	0.25
1971	-5.58	-0.1
1970	-5.48	0
1969	-5.51	-0.04
1968	-5.5	-0.03
1967	-5.64	-0.17
1966	-5.41	0.05
1965	-5.28	0.18
1964	-5.41	0.04
1963	-5.43	0.01
1962	-5.49	-0.06
1961	-5.61	-0.18
1960	-5.61	-0.19
1959	-5.38	0.03
1958	-5.27	0.13
1957	-5.18	0.21
1956	-5.4	-0.02
1955	-5.38	-0.01
1954	-5.37	0
1953	-5.23	0.14
1952	NAN	NAN
1951	NAN	NAN
1950	-5.47	-0.11
1949	-5.43	-0.07
1948	-5.36	0
1947	-5.31	0.05
1946	-5.36	-0.01
1945	-5.44	-0.09
1944	-5.43	-0.08
1943	-5.38	-0.04
1942	-5.36	-0.02
1941	-5.1	0.23
1940	-5.19	0.14
1939	-5.29	0.04
1938	-5.38	-0.05
1937	-5.41	-0.08
1936	-5.38	-0.05
1935	-5.35	-0.02
1934	-5.32	0.01
1933	-5.28	0.05
1932	-5.33	0
1931	-5.27	0.06
1930	-5.23	0.1
1929	-5.37	-0.04
1928	-5.5	-0.17
1927	-5.43	-0.1
1926	-5.2	0.12
1925	-5.37	-0.05
1924	-5.29	0.02
1923	-5.33	-0.03
1922	-5.38	-0.09
1921	-5.38	-0.11
1920	-5.23	0.03
1919	-5.16	0.08
1918	-5.3	-0.08
1917	-5.27	-0.06
1916	-5.23	-0.04
1915	-5.03	0.15
1914	-4.97	0.19
1913	-5.09	0.06
1912	-5.12	0.03
1911	-5.15	-0.01
1910	-5.23	-0.09