# Ogasawara Coral Winter Sr/Ca and U/Ca Data and PDO Reconstruction
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#                World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
#                                  and 
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
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# NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. 
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. 
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# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo/f?p=519:1:::::P1_STUDY_ID:9954
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# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/24611
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# Original_Source_URL: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/ogasawara2010pdo.txt
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# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
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# Archive: Corals and Sclerosponges
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# Contribution_Date
#	Date: 2010-08-01
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# Title
#	Study_Name: Ogasawara Coral Winter Sr/Ca and U/Ca Data and PDO Reconstruction
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# Investigators
#       Investigators: Felis, T.; Suzuki, A.; Kuhnert, H.; Dima, M.; Lohmann, G.; Kawahata, H.
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# Description_and_Notes
#	Description: We generated an index of reconstructed Pacific Decadal  Oscillation (PDO) variability by combining the  November-December-January-February (NDJF) Sr/Ca and U/Ca  time series of the Ogasawara coral record (Felis et al., 2009)  with a growth index based on geoduck clams (Panopea abrupta)  from the Strait of Juan de Fuca (Strom et al., 2004),  a coastal site in the eastern  midlatitude North Pacific  (~48.12degN, 122.95degW, Washington State, northwest U.S.).  The NDJF coral Sr/Ca and U/Ca time series were calculated  from the bimonthly resolved coral record as the average of the  corresponding November-December (ND) and January-February (JF)  values. The NDJF value of a given year (e.g., 1901) includes  the ND value of the preceding year (1900). The ring-width  index is based on annual growth rings of 6 to 23 geoduck shells,  and has been reported to document local SST and PDO variability  (Strom et al., 2004). All three time series were detrended  and normalized to unit variance over their period of overlap  (1873-1994). Then, a coral index was calculated as the average  of the detrended and normalized NDJF Sr/Ca and U/Ca time series.  Consequently, the coral-geoduck index was derived as the average  of this coral index and the detrended and normalized geoduck  growth index (Felis et al., 2010).  Core OGA-02-1 was drilled vertically through a living Porites  coral at Miyanohama on the north coast of Chichijima in the  Ogasawara Islands (Japan).  The core is without gap over its  total length of 1.74 m.   Miyanohama (Chichijima) reef, Ogasawara Islands, Japan:  27deg 6.355'N, 142deg 11.645'E, 5.6m water depth. 
#--------------------
# Publication 
#       Authors: Felis, T.; Suzuki, A.; Kuhnert, H.; Dima, M.; Lohmann, G.; Kawahata, H.c
#       Published_Date_or_Year: 2010-08-29     
#       Published_Title: Pacific Decadal Oscillation documented in a coral record of North Pacific winter temperature since 1873. 
#       Journal_Name: Geophys. Res. Lett.
#       Volume: 37
#       Edition: 
#       Issue: L14605
#       Pages: 
#       DOI: 10.1029/2010GL043572
#       Online_Resource: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2010GL043572/abstract
#       Full_Citation: Felis, T., A. Suzuki, H. Kuhnert, N. Rimbu, and H. Kawahata. 2010.   Pacific Decadal Oscillation documented in a coral record of North  Pacific winter temperature since 1873.  Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L14605, doi:10.1029/2010GL043572.
#       Abstract: The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), the leading mode of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the extratropical North Pacific Ocean, has widespread impacts on precipitation in the Americas and marine fisheries in the North Pacific. However, marine proxy records with a temporal resolution that resolves interannual to interdecadal SST variability in the extratropical North Pacific are extremely rare. Here we demonstrate that the winter Sr/Ca and U/Ca records of an annually-banded reef coral from the Ogasawara Islands in the western subtropical North Pacific are significantly correlated with the instrumental winter PDO index over the last century. The reconstruction of the PDO is further improved by combining the coral data with an existing eastern mid-latitude North Pacific growth ring record of geoduck clams. The spatial correlations of this combined index with global climate fields suggest that SST proxy records from these locations provide potential for PDO reconstructions further back in time.
#--------------------
# Publication 
#       Authors: Felis, T.; Suzuki, A.; Kuhnert, H.; Dima, M.; Lohmann, G.; Kawahata, H.c
#       Published_Date_or_Year: 2009     
#       Published_Title: Subtropical coral reveals abrupt early-twentieth-century  freshening in the western North Pacific Ocean. 
#       Journal_Name: Geology
#       Volume: 37
#       Edition: 
#       Issue: 6
#       Pages: 527-530
#       DOI: 10.1130/G25581A.1
#       Online_Resource:
#       Full_Citation: Felis, T., A. Suzuki, H. Kuhnert, M. Dima, G. Lohmann,  and H. Kawahata. 2009.  Subtropical coral reveals abrupt early-twentieth-century  freshening in the western North Pacific Ocean.  Geology, Vol. 37, No. 6, pp. 527-530, June 2009.  doi:10.1130/G25581A.1   
#       Abstract:
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# Publication 
#       Authors: Strom, A. S.; Francis, R. C.; Mantua, N. J.; Miles, E. L.; Peterson, D. L.
#       Published_Date_or_Year: 2004-03-19     
#       Published_Title: North Pacific climate recorded in growth rings of geoduck clams:  A new tool for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. 
#       Journal_Name: Geophys. Res. Lett.
#       Volume: 31
#       Edition: 
#       Issue: L06206
#       Pages: 
#       DOI: doi:10.1029/2004GL019440
#       Online_Resource: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/strom2004/ 
#       Full_Citation: Strom, A.S., R.C. Francis, N.J. Mantua, E.L. Miles and D.L. Peterson. 2004.  North Pacific climate recorded in growth rings of geoduck clams:  A new tool for paleoenvironmental reconstruction.  Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L06206, 19 March 2004.  doi:10.1029/2004GL019440  ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/strom2004/
#       Abstract:
#------------------
#	Authors: Anderson, D.M., Tardif, R., Horlick, K., Erb, M.P., Hakim, G.J., Noone, D., Perkins, W.A., and E. Steig
#	Published_Date_or_Year: 2018
#	Published_Title: Additions to the last millennium reanalysis multi-proxy database
#	Journal_Name: Data Science Journal
#	Volume:
#	Edition:
#	Issue:
#	Pages:
#	Report_Number:
#	DOI:
#	Online_Resource:
#	Full_Citation: Anderson, D.M., Tardif, R., Horlick, K., Erb, M.P., Hakim, G., J., Noone, D., Perkins, W.A., and E. Steig, submitted. Additions to the last millennium reanalysis multi-proxy database. Data Science Journal.
#	Abstract: Progress in paleoclimatology increasingly occurs via data syntheses. We describe additions to a collection prepared for use in paleoclimate state estimation, specifically the Last Millennium Reanalysis (LMR).  The 2290 additional series include 2152 tree ring chronologies and 138 other series.  They supplement the collection used previously and together form a database titled LMRdb 1.0.0. The additional data draws from lake core, ice core, coral, speleothem, and tree ring archives, using published data primarily from the NOAA Paleoclimatology archive and a set of tree ring width chronologies standardized from raw International Tree Ring Data Bank ring width series. In contrast to many previous paleo compilations, the data were not selected (screened) on the basis of their environmental correlation, multi-century length, or other attributes. The inclusion of proxies sensitive to moisture and other environmental variables expands their use in data assimilation.  A preliminary calibration using linear regression with mean annual temperature reveals characteristics of the proxy series and their relationship to temperature, as well as the noise and error characteristics of the records. The additional records are structured as individual files in the NOAA Paleoclimatology format and archived at NOAA Paleoclimatology (Anderson et al. 2018) and will continue to be improved and expanded as part of the LMR Project.  The additions represent a four-fold increase in the number of records available for assimilation, provide expanded geographic coverage, and add additional proxy variables.  Applications include data assimilation, proxy system model development, and paleoclimate reconstruction using climate field reconstruction and other methods.
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# Funding_Agency 
#       Funding_Agency_Name: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG Research Center
#       Grant: 
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# Funding_Agency 
#       Funding_Agency_Name: Ministry of the Environment, Japan
#       Grant: 
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#	Funding_Agency_Name: National Science Foundation
#	Grant:AGS-1304263
#	Funding_Agency_Name: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
#	Grant:NA14OAR4310176
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# Site_Information 
#       Site_Name: Miyanohama (Chichijima) Reef, Ogasawara Islands, Japan
#       Location: Asia>Eastern Asia>Japan
#	Country: Japan 
#	Northernmost_Latitude: 27.106
# 	Southernmost_Latitude: 27.106
# 	Easternmost_Longitude: 142.194
# 	Westernmost_Longitude: 142.194
# 	Elevation: -5.6 m
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# Data_Collection   
#	Collection_Name: 10japa01a
#	Earliest_Year: 1873
#	Most_Recent_Year: 1994
#	Time_Unit: y_ad
#	Core_Length: 1.74 m
#	Notes: {"database":"LMR"} All three time series were detrended and normalized to unit variance over their period of overlap (1873-1994).The November-December-January-February (NDJF) coral Sr/Ca and U/Ca  time series were calculated from the bimonthly resolved coral record  as the average of the corresponding November-December (ND) and  January-February (JF) values. The NDJF value of a given year (e.g., 1901)  includes the ND value of the preceding year (1900).
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# Species
#	Species_Name: Porites
#	Common_Name: 
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# Chronology: 
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# Variables 
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# Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Data line variables format:  Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) 
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##age	age, , ,years AD, Nov-Feb, Corals and Sclerosponges, , ,N
##Sr/Ca	Strontium/Calcium, Porites, ,mmol/mol, Nov-Feb,Corals and Sclerosponges, , ,N 
##U/Ca	Uranium/Calcium, Porites, ,ÃÂµmol/mol, Nov-Feb, Corals and Sclerosponges, , ,N
##PDO	Coral-Geoduck Pacific Decadal Oscillation Index, , , unitless, , Corals and Sclerosponges, , ,N
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# Data:
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing Values: NAN 
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age	Sr/Ca	U/Ca	PDO
1873	9.145	1.215	-0.076557
1874	9.17	1.235	0.074775
1875	9.205	1.28	0.149132
1876	9.225	1.3	0.233489
1877	9.265	1.365	0.568462
1878	9.25	1.365	0.983642
1879	9.085	1.245	-0.61428
1880	9.25	1.305	-0.087019
1881	9.225	1.285	-0.057226
1882	9.325	1.355	0.20911
1883	9.255	1.35	0.081862
1884	9.2	1.33	0.432793
1885	9.185	1.305	0.006185
1886	9.255	1.335	0.300041
1887	9.07	1.225	-1.225395
1888	9.23	1.335	0.736612
1889	9.145	1.275	-0.339851
1890	8.97	1.17	-0.739643
1891	9.145	1.26	0.176557
1892	9.13	1.265	-0.282107
1893	9.185	1.31	-0.275603
1894	9.265	1.355	0.263754
1895	9.305	1.385	0.509669
1896	9.275	1.365	0.221099
1897	9.125	1.29	-0.607386
1898	9.065	1.335	-0.92137
1899	9.12	1.285	-1.190008
1900	9.11	1.27	-0.429886
1901	9.11	1.305	0.027295
1902	9.185	1.315	0.834299
1903	9.015	1.285	-0.329997
1904	9.12	1.28	-0.138381
1905	9.11	1.23	-0.111947
1906	9.075	1.275	0.110105
1907	9.265	1.345	0.786411
1908	9.235	1.335	0.808171
1909	9.125	1.295	-0.82423
1910	9.145	1.285	-1.167036
1911	9.215	1.32	-0.55673
1912	9.21	1.305	-0.353427
1913	9.165	1.275	-0.597727
1914	9.245	1.335	0.27611
1915	9.22	1.31	-0.134648
1916	9.2	1.32	-0.072154
1917	9.18	1.305	-0.141072
1918	9.21	1.325	0.121846
1919	9.17	1.295	-0.61207
1920	9.19	1.325	-0.757405
1921	9.225	1.29	-0.071225
1922	9.285	1.365	0.212613
1923	9.25	1.35	0.315997
1924	9.12	1.275	-0.693494
1925	9.175	1.305	0.45838
1926	9.205	1.335	1.247812
1927	9.25	1.37	0.709715
1928	9.225	1.34	1.008555
1929	9.21	1.315	0.742728
1930	9.04	1.26	-0.631587
1931	9.195	1.31	1.246803
1932	9.255	1.365	0.953122
1933	9.245	1.385	0.397274
1934	9.28	1.39	0.906613
1935	9.325	1.425	1.310998
1936	9.445	1.505	1.655613
1937	9.23	1.34	0.419305
1938	9.28	1.365	0.836833
1939	9.27	1.395	0.442159
1940	9.265	1.345	0.406927
1941	9.26	1.355	0.284364
1942	9.27	1.35	-0.02457
1943	9.17	1.29	-0.731795
1944	9.28	1.36	0.48125
1945	9.325	1.375	0.637651
1946	9.31	1.38	0.544871
1947	9.23	1.325	0.670848
1948	9.2	1.33	-0.028815
1949	9.22	1.315	-0.398289
1950	9.13	1.24	-0.353159
1951	9.16	1.305	-0.015809
1952	9.13	1.265	-1.250503
1953	9.09	1.245	-1.398181
1954	9.09	1.24	-1.274082
1955	9.015	1.18	-2.147671
1956	9.19	1.295	-0.489509
1957	9.135	1.25	-0.703314
1958	9.13	1.24	0.267938
1959	9.205	1.28	0.345325
1960	9.135	1.235	-0.512092
1961	9.22	1.28	0.638614
1962	9.08	1.21	-0.571182
1963	9.255	1.335	-0.058085
1964	9.15	1.255	-0.662724
1965	9.22	1.31	-0.247025
1966	9.2	1.31	-0.664523
1967	9.245	1.39	0.117015
1968	9.14	1.31	-0.264063
1969	9.175	1.305	-0.694299
1970	9.22	1.32	0.14831
1971	9.06	1.245	-1.476155
1972	9.225	1.335	-0.35418
1973	9.125	1.28	-1.277239
1974	9.035	1.22	-1.256423
1975	9.185	1.28	-0.819924
1976	9.255	1.33	-0.848661
1977	9.2	1.315	-0.539779
1978	9.14	1.285	-0.069841
1979	9.18	1.265	0.756781
1980	9.13	1.265	-0.808373
1981	9.215	1.3	-0.300744
1982	9.385	1.465	1.965684
1983	9.345	1.42	1.43529
1984	9.245	1.3	0.871502
1985	9.39	1.445	1.397026
1986	9.235	1.305	0.220601
1987	9.225	1.325	0.610312
1988	9.24	1.305	-0.124343
1989	9.355	1.395	1.185942
1990	9.235	1.37	0.021996
1991	9.095	1.26	-0.426713
1992	9.205	1.3	0.700701
1993	9.075	1.24	0.089273
1994	9.06	1.185	0.257358