Ã¯Â»Â¿# Bermuda Coral Sr/Ca and d18O Data and SST Reconstruction 1781-1998
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#                World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
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#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
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# NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. 
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. 
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# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo/f?p=519:1:::::P1_STUDY_ID:6115
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# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/24611
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# Original_Source_URL: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/atlantic/bermuda2008.txt
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# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
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# Archive: Corals and Sclerosponges
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# Contribution_Date
#	Date: 2008-10
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# Title
#	Study_Name: Bermuda Brain Coral Sea Surface Temperature and Salinity Reconstruction 1781-1998 
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# Investigators
#       Investigators: Goodkin, N.F.; Hughen, K.A.; Curry, W.B.; Doney, S.C.; Ostermann, D.R.
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# Description_and_Notes
#	Description: Five-year smoothed winter records of Sr/Ca and sea surface temperature.Records of past climate and ocean environment derived from stable isotope, trace metal, and other measurements made on corals and sclerosponges. Parameter keywords describe what was measured in this data set. Additional summary information can be found in the abstracts of papers listed in the data set citations. Coral Sr/Ca and d18O data from a 225-year old Diploria labyrinthiformis colony collected on the south shore of Bermuda (64W, 32N), on the southeastern edge of the Bermuda platform, at 16 m water depth.
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# Publication 
#       Authors: Goodkin, N.F.; Hughen, K.A.; Curry, W.B.; Doney, S.C.; Ostermann, D.R.
#       Published_Date_or_Year: 2008-07-08      
#       Published_Title: Sea surface temperature and salinity variability at Bermuda during the end of the Little Ice Age
#       Journal_Name: Paleoceanography
#       Volume: 23
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#       Pages: 
#       DOI: 10.1029/2007PA001532
#       Online_Resource: 
#       Full_Citation: Goodkin, N.F., K.A. Hughen, W.B. Curry, S.C. Doney, and D.R. Ostermann. 2008. Sea surface temperature and salinity variability at Bermuda during the end of the Little Ice Age.  Paleoceanography, 23, PA3203, doi:10.1029/2007PA001532.
#       Abstract: We use geochemical and isotope measurements on a 225-year old brain coral (Diploria labyrinthiformis) from the south shore of Bermuda (64W, 32N) to construct a record of decadal-to-centennial-scale climate variability. The coral was collected alive, and annual density bands visible in X radiographs delineate cold and warm seasons allowing for precise dating. Coral skeletons incorporate strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca) in relative proportions inversely to the sea surface temperature (SST) in which the skeleton is secreted. Previous studies on this and other coral colonies from this region document the ability to reconstruct mean annual andwintertime SST using Sr/Ca measurements (Goodkin et al., 2007, 2005). The coral-based records of SST for the past 2 centuries show abrupt shifts at both decadal and centennial timescales and suggest that SST at the end of the Little Ice Age (between 1840 and 1860) was 1.5C-0.4C colder than today (1990s). Coral-reconstructed SST has a greater magnitude change than does a gridded instrumental SST record from this region. This may result from several physical processes including high rates of mesoscale eddy propagation in this region. Oxygen isotope values (d18O) of the coral skeleton reflect changes in both temperature and the d18O of seawater (dOw),where dOw is proportional to sea surface salinity (SSS). We show in this study that mean annual and wintertime d18O of the carbonate (dOc) are correlated to both SST and SSS, but a robust, quantitative measure of SSS is not found with present calibration data. In combination, however, the Sr/Ca and dOc qualitatively reconstruct lower salinities at the end of the Little Ice Age relative to modern day. Temperature changes agree with other records from the Bermuda region. Radiative and atmospheric forcing may explain some of the SST variability, but the scales of implied changes in SST and SSS indicate large-scale ocean circulation impacts as well.
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#	Authors: Anderson, D.M., Tardif, R., Horlick, K., Erb, M.P., Hakim, G.J., Noone, D., Perkins, W.A., and E. Steig
#	Published_Date_or_Year: 2018
#	Published_Title: Additions to the last millennium reanalysis multi-proxy database
#	Journal_Name: Data Science Journal
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#	Full_Citation: Anderson, D.M., Tardif, R., Horlick, K., Erb, M.P., Hakim, G., J., Noone, D., Perkins, W.A., and E. Steig, submitted. Additions to the last millennium reanalysis multi-proxy database. Data Science Journal.
#	Abstract: Progress in paleoclimatology increasingly occurs via data syntheses. We describe additions to a collection prepared for use in paleoclimate state estimation, specifically the Last Millennium Reanalysis (LMR).  The 2290 additional series include 2152 tree ring chronologies and 138 other series.  They supplement the collection used previously and together form a database titled LMRdb 1.0.0. The additional data draws from lake core, ice core, coral, speleothem, and tree ring archives, using published data primarily from the NOAA Paleoclimatology archive and a set of tree ring width chronologies standardized from raw International Tree Ring Data Bank ring width series. In contrast to many previous paleo compilations, the data were not selected (screened) on the basis of their environmental correlation, multi-century length, or other attributes. The inclusion of proxies sensitive to moisture and other environmental variables expands their use in data assimilation.  A preliminary calibration using linear regression with mean annual temperature reveals characteristics of the proxy series and their relationship to temperature, as well as the noise and error characteristics of the records. The additional records are structured as individual files in the NOAA Paleoclimatology format and archived at NOAA Paleoclimatology (Anderson et al. 2018) and will continue to be improved and expanded as part of the LMR Project.  The additions represent a four-fold increase in the number of records available for assimilation, provide expanded geographic coverage, and add additional proxy variables.  Applications include data assimilation, proxy system model development, and paleoclimate reconstruction using climate field reconstruction and other methods.
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# Funding_Agency 
#       Funding_Agency_Name: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
#       Grant:
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# Funding_Agency 
#       Funding_Agency_Name: U.S. National Science Foundation
#       Grant: OCE-0402728

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#	Funding_Agency_Name: National Science Foundation
#	Grant:AGS-1304263
#	Funding_Agency_Name: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
#	Grant:NA14OAR4310176
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# Site_Information 
#       Site_Name: Bermuda
#       Location: Ocean>Atlantic Ocean>North Atlantic Ocean>Bermuda
#	Country: Bermuda 
#	Northernmost_Latitude: 32.325
# 	Southernmost_Latitude: 32.325
# 	Easternmost_Longitude: -64.683
# 	Westernmost_Longitude: -64.683
# 	Elevation: -16 m
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# Data_Collection   
#	Collection_Name: 08berm01a
#	Earliest_Year: 1787
#	Most_Recent_Year: 1997
#	Time_Unit: y_ad
#	Core_Length: 
#	Notes: {"database":"LMR"}  
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# Species 
#	Species_Name: Diploria labyrinthiformis
#	Common_Name: Brain Coral
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# Chronology: 
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# Variables 
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# Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Data line variables format:  Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) 
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##age	age, , ,years AD, , Corals and Sclerosponges, , ,N
##Sr/Ca	Strontium/Calcium seasonal, Diploria labyrinthiformis, , mmol/mol, winter, Corals and Sclerosponges, , inductively coupled plasmaÃ¢ÂÂatomic emission spectrometry,N
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# Data:
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing Values: NAN 
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age	Sr/Ca
1997	9.365
1992	9.387
1987	9.403
1982	9.451
1977	9.395
1972	9.412
1967	9.321
1962	9.299
1957	9.344
1952	9.336
1947	9.426
1942	9.375
1937	9.346
1932	9.381
1927	9.389
1922	9.4
1917	9.466
1912	9.421
1907	9.455
1902	9.411
1897	9.431
1892	9.349
1887	9.414
1882	9.476
1877	9.413
1872	9.403
1867	9.445
1862	9.478
1857	9.531
1852	9.479
1847	9.515
1842	9.508
1837	9.494
1832	9.481
1827	9.517
1822	9.492
1817	9.468
1812	9.471
1807	9.476
1802	9.416
1797	9.45
1792	9.416
1787	9.412