Ã¯Â»Â¿# Bermuda Coral Sr/Ca and d18O Data and SST Reconstruction 1781-1998
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#                World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
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#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
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# NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. 
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. 
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# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo/f?p=519:1:::::P1_STUDY_ID:6115
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# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/24611
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# Original_Source_URL: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/atlantic/bermuda2008.txt
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# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
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# Archive: Climate Reconstructions
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# Contribution_Date
#	Date: 2008-10
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# Title
#	Study_Name: Bermuda Brain Coral Sea Surface Temperature and Salinity Reconstruction 1781-1998 
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# Investigators
#       Investigators: Goodkin, N.F.; Hughen, K.A.; Curry, W.B.; Doney, S.C.; Ostermann, D.R.
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# Description_and_Notes
#	Description: Five-year smoothed winter records of Sr/Ca and sea surface temperature.Records of past climate and ocean environment derived from stable isotope, trace metal, and other measurements made on corals and sclerosponges. Parameter keywords describe what was measured in this data set. Additional summary information can be found in the abstracts of papers listed in the data set citations. Coral Sr/Ca and d18O data from a 225-year old Diploria labyrinthiformis colony collected on the south shore of Bermuda (64W, 32N), on the southeastern edge of the Bermuda platform, at 16 m water depth.
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# Publication 
#       Authors: Goodkin, N.F.; Hughen, K.A.; Curry, W.B.; Doney, S.C.; Ostermann, D.R.
#       Published_Date_or_Year: 2008-07-08      
#       Published_Title: Sea surface temperature and salinity variability at Bermuda during the end of the Little Ice Age
#       Journal_Name: Paleoceanography
#       Volume: 23
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#       Pages: 
#       DOI: 10.1029/2007PA001532
#       Online_Resource: 
#       Full_Citation: Goodkin, N.F., K.A. Hughen, W.B. Curry, S.C. Doney, and D.R. Ostermann. 2008. Sea surface temperature and salinity variability at Bermuda during the end of the Little Ice Age.  Paleoceanography, 23, PA3203, doi:10.1029/2007PA001532.
#       Abstract: We use geochemical and isotope measurements on a 225-year old brain coral (Diploria labyrinthiformis) from the south shore of Bermuda (64W, 32N) to construct a record of decadal-to-centennial-scale climate variability. The coral was collected alive, and annual density bands visible in X radiographs delineate cold and warm seasons allowing for precise dating. Coral skeletons incorporate strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca) in relative proportions inversely to the sea surface temperature (SST) in which the skeleton is secreted. Previous studies on this and other coral colonies from this region document the ability to reconstruct mean annual andwintertime SST using Sr/Ca measurements (Goodkin et al., 2007, 2005). The coral-based records of SST for the past 2 centuries show abrupt shifts at both decadal and centennial timescales and suggest that SST at the end of the Little Ice Age (between 1840 and 1860) was 1.5C-0.4C colder than today (1990s). Coral-reconstructed SST has a greater magnitude change than does a gridded instrumental SST record from this region. This may result from several physical processes including high rates of mesoscale eddy propagation in this region. Oxygen isotope values (d18O) of the coral skeleton reflect changes in both temperature and the d18O of seawater (dOw),where dOw is proportional to sea surface salinity (SSS). We show in this study that mean annual and wintertime d18O of the carbonate (dOc) are correlated to both SST and SSS, but a robust, quantitative measure of SSS is not found with present calibration data. In combination, however, the Sr/Ca and dOc qualitatively reconstruct lower salinities at the end of the Little Ice Age relative to modern day. Temperature changes agree with other records from the Bermuda region. Radiative and atmospheric forcing may explain some of the SST variability, but the scales of implied changes in SST and SSS indicate large-scale ocean circulation impacts as well.
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#	Authors: Anderson, D.M., Tardif, R., Horlick, K., Erb, M.P., Hakim, G.J., Noone, D., Perkins, W.A., and E. Steig
#	Published_Date_or_Year: 2018
#	Published_Title: Additions to the last millennium reanalysis multi-proxy database
#	Journal_Name: Data Science Journal
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#	Full_Citation: Anderson, D.M., Tardif, R., Horlick, K., Erb, M.P., Hakim, G., J., Noone, D., Perkins, W.A., and E. Steig, submitted. Additions to the last millennium reanalysis multi-proxy database. Data Science Journal.
#	Abstract: Progress in paleoclimatology increasingly occurs via data syntheses. We describe additions to a collection prepared for use in paleoclimate state estimation, specifically the Last Millennium Reanalysis (LMR).  The 2290 additional series include 2152 tree ring chronologies and 138 other series.  They supplement the collection used previously and together form a database titled LMRdb 1.0.0. The additional data draws from lake core, ice core, coral, speleothem, and tree ring archives, using published data primarily from the NOAA Paleoclimatology archive and a set of tree ring width chronologies standardized from raw International Tree Ring Data Bank ring width series. In contrast to many previous paleo compilations, the data were not selected (screened) on the basis of their environmental correlation, multi-century length, or other attributes. The inclusion of proxies sensitive to moisture and other environmental variables expands their use in data assimilation.  A preliminary calibration using linear regression with mean annual temperature reveals characteristics of the proxy series and their relationship to temperature, as well as the noise and error characteristics of the records. The additional records are structured as individual files in the NOAA Paleoclimatology format and archived at NOAA Paleoclimatology (Anderson et al. 2018) and will continue to be improved and expanded as part of the LMR Project.  The additions represent a four-fold increase in the number of records available for assimilation, provide expanded geographic coverage, and add additional proxy variables.  Applications include data assimilation, proxy system model development, and paleoclimate reconstruction using climate field reconstruction and other methods.
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# Funding_Agency 
#       Funding_Agency_Name: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
#       Grant:
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# Funding_Agency 
#       Funding_Agency_Name: U.S. National Science Foundation
#       Grant: OCE-0402728

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#	Funding_Agency_Name: National Science Foundation
#	Grant:AGS-1304263
#	Funding_Agency_Name: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
#	Grant:NA14OAR4310176
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# Site_Information 
#       Site_Name: Bermuda
#       Location: Ocean>Atlantic Ocean>North Atlantic Ocean>Bermuda
#	Country: Bermuda 
#	Northernmost_Latitude: 32.325
# 	Southernmost_Latitude: 32.325
# 	Easternmost_Longitude: -64.683
# 	Westernmost_Longitude: -64.683
# 	Elevation: -16 m
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# Data_Collection   
#	Collection_Name: 08berm01d
#	Earliest_Year: 1787
#	Most_Recent_Year: 1997
#	Time_Unit: y_ad
#	Core_Length: 
#	Notes: {"database":"LMR"} Bermuda2008Diploriawinter_Sr_Ca
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# Species 
#	Species_Name: Diploria labyrinthiformis
#	Common_Name: Brain Coral
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# Chronology: 
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# Variables 
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# Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Data line variables format:  Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) 
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##age	age, , ,years AD, , Corals and Sclerosponges, , ,N
##sst	winter sea surface temperature, , ,degrees Celcius, winter,Corals and Sclerosponges, Sr/Ca Reconstruction, ,N
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# Data:
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing Values: NAN 
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age	sst
1997	20.329
1992	20.111
1987	19.944
1982	19.444
1977	20.02
1972	19.85
1967	20.786
1962	21.012
1957	20.551
1952	20.635
1947	19.709
1942	20.227
1937	20.53
1932	20.165
1927	20.087
1922	19.975
1917	19.288
1912	19.757
1907	19.406
1902	19.863
1897	19.653
1892	20.493
1887	19.829
1882	19.192
1877	19.841
1872	19.944
1867	19.511
1862	19.171
1857	18.629
1852	19.164
1847	18.789
1842	18.862
1837	19.01
1832	19.137
1827	18.77
1822	19.029
1817	19.271
1812	19.243
1807	19.19
1802	19.804
1797	19.454
1792	19.811
1787	19.85