# Great Barrier Reef Composite Sr/Ca, U/Ca and d18O Data
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
#                World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
#                                  and 
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. 
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. 
#
#
# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo/f?p=519:1:::::P1_STUDY_ID:1869
#
# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/24611
#
# Original_Source_URL: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/great_barrier/readme_hendy2002.txt
# Original_Source_URL: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/great_barrier/hendydata.txt
# 
# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
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# Archive: Corals and Sclerosponges
#--------------------
# Contribution_Date
#	Date: 2002-02-22
#--------------------
# Title
#	Study_Name: Great Barrier Reef Composite Sr/Ca, U/Ca and d18O Data
#--------------------
# Investigators
#       Investigators: Hendy, E.J.; Gagan, M.K.; Alibert, C.A.; McCulloch, M.T.; Lough, J.M.; Isdale, P.J.
#--------------------
# Description_and_Notes
#	Description: Coral Sr/Ca, U/Ca and delta-18O records were replicated from eight massive  Porites colonies, spanning 120 to 420 years of continuous growth.   The cores were collected at seven reefs, 12 to 120 km apart, from the  central Great Barrier Reef, Australia and drilled between 1984 and 1988.  The use of multiple cores allowed us to test the fidelity of individual  tracers over century time scales and to establish regional-scale proxy  climate signals. A 'master' reconstruction for each of the three proxies  was calculated by normalizing all records relative to the longest continuous record, and then taking the average of all eight cores to construct the  delta-18O composite record, while the U/Ca and Sr/Ca composite records were  calculated from the average of seven cores.  A confidence envelope was  calculated using 95% confidence intervals for each pentannual period. A 373-year chronology for eight, multi-century, Porites coral cores was  developed using cross-dating techniques adapted from dendrochronology.   Characteristic patterns of distinct luminescent (fluorescent) lines within  the coral skeletons were matched between coral cores.  Skeleton-plots of  luminescent banding were produced for each core and combined into a master  chronology back to 1615.  Density banding in x-radiographs were counted to  provide an independent check on the age model.  This method controlled the  dating difficulties caused by growth orientation, skeletal discontinuities  and breaks between core sections.  For further details on age model  development see Hendy, Gagan and Lough 'Chronological control of coral records  using luminescent lines and evidence for non-stationary ENSO teleconnections  in northeastern Australia' (submitted to 'The Holocene' in 2001).  Five-year bulk increments were sampled for equivalent periods across all eight  cores from 1565-1570 to 1980-1985 (Austral winter to winter).   A fine powder was milled from 2 mm sampling grooves along the center of the  maximum growth axis.  A preliminary cleaning cut, along the sample track,  removed the surface 1 mm.  Duplicate samples of 150-200 micro-g were analyzed  for d18O by an individual-carbonate (Kiel) device attached to an automated  Finnigan MAT 251 mass spectrometer (mean standard deviation (sd) between  duplicates was 0.04 permil, n = 1035).  Calibration to the Vienna Peedee  belemnite (V-PDB) is through the National Bureau of Standards NBS-19,  which was analyzed 6 times in each 24 hour run with an average sd of  0.04 over the 3-year period (n = 281).  From a solution of 1 mg of  coral powder dissolved in 5 ml of 0.2 M HCl, an aliquot of 50 micro-l was  removed for Sr/Ca determination by isotope dilution using spikes of  43Ca and 84Sr and analyzed on a Finnigan MAT 261 TIMS.   Average Sr/Ca sd between replicated coral samples is equivalent to  0.15degC (sd = 4.6 micro-mol/mol, total n = 550; internal laboratory standard,  sd = 3 micro-mol/mol, n = 21).  U/Ca analysis was undertaken by isotope  dilution on the remaining coral solution, using a mixed spike  including 45Sc (as a proxy for 45Ca) and 235U, and analyzed on a  Fisons PQ II ICP-MS.  U/Ca analyses were internally calibrated to a  laboratory coral standard run at either end of a 7-sample block.   Replication of an internal laboratory reference coral gave a sd  of 5 nmol/mol (equivalent to 0.2degC, n = 56).  The 420-year history of strontium/calcium, uranium/calcium,  and oxygen isotope ratios in eight coral cores indicates that  sea surface temperature and salinity were higher in the 18th century  than the 20th century.  An abrupt freshening after 1870  occurred simultaneously throughout the southwestern Pacific,  coinciding with cooling tropical temperatures.   Higher salinities between 1565 and 1870 are best explained  by a combination of advection and wind-induced evaporation  resulting from a strong latitudinal temperature gradient and  intensified circulation.  The global Little Ice Age glacial  expansion may have been driven, in part, by greater poleward  transport of water vapor from the tropical Pacific. 
#--------------------
# Publication 
#       Authors: Hendy, E.J.; Gagan, M.K.; Alibert, C.A.; McCulloch, M.T.; Lough, J.M.; Isdale, P.J.
#       Published_Date_or_Year: 2002-02-22     
#       Published_Title: Abrupt decrease in tropical Pacific sea surface salinity at end of Little Ice Age.
#       Journal_Name: Science
#       Volume: 291
#       Edition: 
#       Issue: 5559
#       Pages: 1511-1514
#       DOI: 
#       Online_Resource: 
#       Full_Citation: Hendy, E.J., M.K. Gagan, C.A. Alibert,  M.T. McCulloch, J.M. Lough, P.J. Isdale, 2002,   Abrupt decrease in tropical Pacific sea surface salinity  at end of Little Ice Age.    Science, v.291 (5559), pp. 1511-1514, February 22, 2002.
#       Abstract: 
#------------------
#	Authors: Anderson, D.M., Tardif, R., Horlick, K., Erb, M.P., Hakim, G.J., Noone, D., Perkins, W.A., and E. Steig
#	Published_Date_or_Year: 2018
#	Published_Title: Additions to the last millennium reanalysis multi-proxy database
#	Journal_Name: Data Science Journal
#	Volume:
#	Edition:
#	Issue:
#	Pages:
#	Report_Number:
#	DOI:
#	Online_Resource:
#	Full_Citation: Anderson, D.M., Tardif, R., Horlick, K., Erb, M.P., Hakim, G., J., Noone, D., Perkins, W.A., and E. Steig, submitted. Additions to the last millennium reanalysis multi-proxy database. Data Science Journal.
#	Abstract: Progress in paleoclimatology increasingly occurs via data syntheses. We describe additions to a collection prepared for use in paleoclimate state estimation, specifically the Last Millennium Reanalysis (LMR).  The 2290 additional series include 2152 tree ring chronologies and 138 other series.  They supplement the collection used previously and together form a database titled LMRdb 1.0.0. The additional data draws from lake core, ice core, coral, speleothem, and tree ring archives, using published data primarily from the NOAA Paleoclimatology archive and a set of tree ring width chronologies standardized from raw International Tree Ring Data Bank ring width series. In contrast to many previous paleo compilations, the data were not selected (screened) on the basis of their environmental correlation, multi-century length, or other attributes. The inclusion of proxies sensitive to moisture and other environmental variables expands their use in data assimilation.  A preliminary calibration using linear regression with mean annual temperature reveals characteristics of the proxy series and their relationship to temperature, as well as the noise and error characteristics of the records. The additional records are structured as individual files in the NOAA Paleoclimatology format and archived at NOAA Paleoclimatology (Anderson et al. 2018) and will continue to be improved and expanded as part of the LMR Project.  The additions represent a four-fold increase in the number of records available for assimilation, provide expanded geographic coverage, and add additional proxy variables.  Applications include data assimilation, proxy system model development, and paleoclimate reconstruction using climate field reconstruction and other methods.
#------------------
# Funding_Agency 
#       Funding_Agency_Name: 
#       Grant: 
#------------------
#	Funding_Agency_Name: National Science Foundation
#	Grant:AGS-1304263
#	Funding_Agency_Name: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
#	Grant:NA14OAR4310176
#------------------
# Site_Information 
#       Site_Name: Central Great Barrier Reef, Australia
#       Location: Australia/New Zealand>Australia
#	Country: Australia 
#	Northernmost_Latitude: -17.78
# 	Southernmost_Latitude: -18.85
# 	Easternmost_Longitude: 146.13
# 	Westernmost_Longitude: 147.06
# 	Elevation:
#------------------
# Data_Collection   
#	Collection_Name: 02aust01a
#	Earliest_Year: 1562
#	Most_Recent_Year: 1988
#	Time_Unit: y_ad
#	Core_Length:
#	Notes: {"database":"LMR"}  Post-anomaly average of 8 cores from 8 sites, analyzed in pentannual samples, e.g. 1983 is the 5-year period from mid-1980 to mid-1985).  
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# Species
#	Species_Name: Porites sp.
#	Common_Name: 
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# Chronology: 
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# Variables 
#
# Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Data line variables format:  Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) 
#
##age	pentannual midpoint age, , ,years AD, , Corals and Sclerosponges, , ,N
##d18O_anom	Composite delta-18O anomaly, Porites sp., , permil VPDB, , Corals and Sclerosponges, normalized to 1860-1985, ,N
##d18O_anom_lb	delta-18O anomaly, Porites sp., 95% confidence interval lower bound, permil VPDB, , Corals and Sclerosponges, , ,N
##d18O_anom_ub	delta-18O anomaly, Porites sp., 95% confidence interval upper bound, permil VPDB, , Corals and Sclerosponges, , ,N
##d18O_count	Number of records averaged at each pentannual interval for delta-18O composite, Porites sp., , samples, , Corals and Sclerosponges, , ,N
##Sr/Ca_anom	Composite Strontium/Calcium anomaly, Porites sp., ,mol/mol, ,Corals and Sclerosponges, normalized to 1860-1985, ,N 
##Sr/Ca_anom_lb	Strontium/Calcium anomaly, Porites sp., 95% confidence interval lower bound,mol/mol, ,Corals and Sclerosponges, , ,N
##Sr/Ca_anom_ub	Strontium/Calcium anomaly, Porites sp., 95% confidence interval upper bound,mol/mol, ,Corals and Sclerosponges, , ,N 
##Sr/Ca_count	Number of records averaged at each pentannual interval for Sr/Ca composite, Porites sp., , samples, , Corals and Sclerosponges, , ,N
##U/Ca_anom	Composite Uranium/Calcium anomaly, Porites sp., ,mol/mol, ,Corals and Sclerosponges, normalized to 1860-1985, ,N
##U/Ca_anom_lb	Uranium/Calcium anomaly, Porites sp., 95% confidence interval lower bound,mol/mol, ,Corals and Sclerosponges, , ,N
##U/Ca_anom_ub	Uranium/Calcium anomaly, Porites sp., 95% confidence interval upper bound,mol/mol, ,Corals and Sclerosponges, , ,N
##U/Ca_count	Number of records averaged at each pentannual interval for U/Ca composite, Porites sp., , samples, , Corals and Sclerosponges, , ,N
#
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# Data:
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing Values: NAN 
#
age	d18O_anom	d18O_anom_lb	d18O_anom_ub	d18O_count	Sr/Ca_anom	Sr/Ca_anom_lb	Sr/Ca_anom_ub	Sr/Ca_count	U/Ca_anom	U/Ca_anom_lb	U/Ca_anom_ub	U/Ca_count
1983	-0.03	0.06	-0.13	4	-2.17E-05	3.45E-07	-4.37E-05	4	-4.13E-08	1.47E-08	-9.73E-08	4
1978	-0.12	-0.02	-0.21	6	-2.36E-05	-1.94E-06	-4.53E-05	5	-2.17E-08	2.02E-08	-6.35E-08	5
1973	-0.14	-0.07	-0.21	7	-8.27E-06	8.64E-06	-2.52E-05	6	-1.13E-08	2.54E-08	-4.79E-08	6
1968	0.01	0.08	-0.06	8	3.92E-06	1.95E-05	-1.17E-05	7	-1.92E-09	1.41E-08	-1.79E-08	7
1963	-0.07	0	-0.14	7	-3.43E-06	1.47E-05	-2.15E-05	7	-3.95E-09	2.89E-08	-3.68E-08	7
1958	-0.08	0	-0.15	7	-3.27E-06	9.74E-06	-1.63E-05	7	-7.07E-09	4.57E-09	-1.87E-08	7
1953	-0.11	-0.06	-0.17	7	-1.13E-05	4.83E-06	-2.73E-05	7	-1.96E-08	2.91E-09	-4.22E-08	7
1948	-0.07	-0.01	-0.13	7	-7.80E-06	1.43E-05	-2.99E-05	6	-1.10E-08	1.36E-08	-3.57E-08	6
1943	0.05	0.15	-0.05	5	3.17E-06	1.89E-05	-1.25E-05	4	-4.32E-09	2.29E-08	-3.15E-08	4
1938	0.05	0.09	0	7	1.08E-05	3.03E-05	-8.72E-06	6	-5.11E-09	2.39E-08	-3.42E-08	6
1933	0.03	0.09	-0.03	6	1.60E-05	3.19E-05	1.85E-07	6	1.87E-08	4.72E-08	-9.81E-09	6
1928	0	0.08	-0.08	5	8.44E-06	3.00E-05	-1.31E-05	5	1.59E-08	4.65E-08	-1.47E-08	5
1923	0.04	0.1	-0.03	7	1.64E-05	2.97E-05	3.14E-06	6	7.70E-09	2.21E-08	-6.73E-09	6
1918	0.05	0.13	-0.04	7	1.70E-05	3.08E-05	3.09E-06	6	9.72E-09	2.61E-08	-6.68E-09	6
1913	0.06	0.1	0.01	8	1.93E-05	3.19E-05	6.75E-06	7	2.02E-08	3.55E-08	4.89E-09	7
1908	0.01	0.05	-0.03	8	1.22E-05	3.00E-05	-5.64E-06	7	1.75E-08	3.05E-08	4.52E-09	7
1903	0.11	0.16	0.06	7	1.38E-05	3.02E-05	-2.61E-06	6	8.09E-09	3.65E-08	-2.03E-08	6
1898	-0.02	0.06	-0.09	8	2.81E-07	1.01E-05	-9.59E-06	7	8.78E-09	2.12E-08	-3.61E-09	7
1893	-0.07	-0.01	-0.13	8	-8.27E-06	8.94E-06	-2.55E-05	7	-4.23E-09	1.90E-08	-2.75E-08	7
1888	0.07	0.13	0.01	6	7.90E-06	2.72E-05	-1.13E-05	5	9.91E-09	2.96E-08	-9.83E-09	5
1883	0.07	0.11	0.04	7	1.66E-05	4.24E-05	-9.27E-06	6	3.09E-08	5.32E-08	8.65E-09	6
1878	0.04	0.09	-0.01	7	-1.95E-05	-5.20E-06	-3.39E-05	6	6.49E-09	2.98E-08	-1.69E-08	6
1873	-0.01	0.03	-0.06	6	-1.01E-05	6.00E-06	-2.63E-05	5	9.77E-10	3.56E-08	-3.37E-08	5
1868	0.07	0.12	0.03	7	-2.94E-06	1.11E-05	-1.69E-05	6	-3.38E-09	2.16E-08	-2.83E-08	6
1863	0.07	0.11	0.03	5	-2.56E-05	6.17E-06	-5.73E-05	5	-2.00E-08	-7.15E-09	-3.28E-08	5
1858	0.17	0.22	0.12	7	-2.15E-06	1.15E-05	-1.58E-05	6	-3.63E-09	1.07E-08	-1.80E-08	6
1853	0.2	0.25	0.15	6	1.41E-06	1.45E-05	-1.17E-05	5	-7.97E-09	3.34E-09	-1.93E-08	5
1848	0.19	0.24	0.14	4	1.37E-05	3.84E-05	-1.10E-05	3	-3.23E-09	1.99E-08	-2.64E-08	3
1843	0.18	0.23	0.13	4	-1.64E-05	4.04E-06	-3.68E-05	3	-1.35E-08	-7.82E-09	-1.91E-08	3
1838	0.26	0.34	0.19	4	-1.78E-06	2.21E-05	-2.56E-05	3	-5.94E-10	1.20E-08	-1.32E-08	3
1833	0.13	0.15	0.11	4	-2.72E-05	-4.00E-07	-5.40E-05	3	-2.23E-09	2.80E-08	-3.25E-08	3
1828	0.19	0.26	0.12	3	-3.21E-05	-1.25E-05	-5.17E-05	3	-9.76E-09	2.10E-08	-4.05E-08	3
1823	0.19	0.26	0.12	3	-1.51E-05	8.47E-06	-3.86E-05	3	-1.12E-08	-2.50E-09	-1.99E-08	3
1818	0.14	0.2	0.08	2	2.44E-05	4.34E-05	5.33E-06	2	3.09E-08	1.17E-07	-5.56E-08	2
1813	0.13	0.25	0.02	4	-1.03E-05	2.86E-06	-2.35E-05	3	-1.09E-08	-8.61E-09	-1.33E-08	3
1808	0.17	0.3	0.03	4	-1.56E-05	9.73E-06	-4.10E-05	3	-1.33E-08	6.68E-09	-3.34E-08	3
1803	0.04	0.08	0	4	-1.40E-05	1.56E-06	-2.96E-05	3	-4.43E-09	1.24E-08	-2.13E-08	3
1798	0.17	0.2	0.14	3	1.16E-05	3.02E-05	-7.00E-06	3	1.27E-08	3.82E-08	-1.27E-08	3
1793	0.28	0.39	0.17	3	2.00E-06	3.20E-05	-2.80E-05	3	-3.56E-09	2.00E-08	-2.71E-08	3
1788	0.1	0.17	0.03	4	-2.25E-05	8.52E-07	-4.58E-05	3	-1.58E-08	-1.86E-09	-2.98E-08	3
1783	0.24	0.35	0.14	3	-3.12E-05	-2.80E-05	-3.44E-05	2	-3.05E-08	6.48E-09	-6.75E-08	2
1778	0.28	0.41	0.15	2	-1.29E-05	4.85E-05	-7.42E-05	2	-3.61E-09	6.96E-08	-7.68E-08	2
1773	0.19	0.27	0.1	4	-3.11E-05	-1.44E-05	-4.79E-05	4	-2.33E-08	-7.40E-09	-3.92E-08	4
1768	0.13	0.22	0.04	4	-2.72E-05	-1.62E-05	-3.82E-05	4	-1.19E-08	1.05E-08	-3.43E-08	3
1763	0.09	0.23	-0.05	4	-6.84E-06	7.30E-06	-2.10E-05	3	-2.23E-08	1.41E-09	-4.61E-08	3
1758	0.05	0.15	-0.04	4	-2.37E-05	-6.14E-06	-4.12E-05	4	-8.30E-09	8.13E-09	-2.47E-08	4
1753	0.16	0.29	0.03	3	-1.81E-05	1.13E-05	-4.75E-05	3	1.74E-09	3.85E-08	-3.50E-08	3
1748	0.21	0.33	0.08	3	-2.30E-05	-7.76E-06	-3.83E-05	3	-6.84E-09	-1.97E-09	-1.17E-08	3
1743	0.17	0.24	0.1	4	-1.81E-05	-1.16E-05	-2.45E-05	3	-8.45E-09	2.70E-08	-4.39E-08	3
1738	0.34	0.44	0.24	3	-2.29E-05	-1.74E-05	-2.84E-05	2	6.22E-09	1.02E-08	2.23E-09	2
1733	0.1	0.26	-0.05	2	-1.85E-06	8.67E-06	-1.24E-05	2	1.98E-08	3.01E-08	9.54E-09	2
1728	0.07	0.2	-0.06	2	-3.50E-05	-2.40E-05	-4.61E-05	2	1.07E-09	3.38E-08	-3.16E-08	2
1723	0.28	0.3	0.26	2	-2.63E-05	-2.08E-05	-3.17E-05	2	-6.75E-09	5.17E-08	-6.52E-08	2
1718	0.16	0.3	0.01	2	-3.93E-05	-8.22E-06	-7.04E-05	2	-1.41E-08	4.53E-09	-3.28E-08	2
1713	0.28	0.39	0.17	2	4.75E-06	3.65E-05	-2.70E-05	2	1.90E-09	3.79E-08	-3.41E-08	2
1708	0.16	0.31	0	2	-1.71E-05	-1.44E-05	-1.97E-05	2	-6.12E-09	8.48E-09	-2.07E-08	2
1703	0.21	0.42	-0.01	2	3.22E-06	2.65E-05	-2.01E-05	2	1.76E-08	4.78E-08	-1.26E-08	2
1698	0.1	NAN	NAN	1	1.25E-06	NAN	NAN	1	8.77E-09	NAN	NAN	1
1693	0.09	NAN	NAN	1	-6.23E-06	NAN	NAN	1	-1.89E-09	NAN	NAN	1
1688	0.27	NAN	NAN	2	-7.17E-06	NAN	NAN	2	4.00E-09	NAN	NAN	2
1683	0.39	NAN	NAN	2	1.80E-05	NAN	NAN	2	1.07E-08	NAN	NAN	2
1678	0.16	NAN	NAN	1	-2.28E-08	NAN	NAN	1	-2.07E-09	NAN	NAN	1
1673	0.21	NAN	NAN	1	3.19E-05	NAN	NAN	1	1.46E-08	NAN	NAN	1
1668	0.11	NAN	NAN	1	-2.58E-05	NAN	NAN	1	-7.12E-09	NAN	NAN	1
1663	0.14	NAN	NAN	1	2.29E-05	NAN	NAN	1	2.56E-08	NAN	NAN	1
1658	0.29	NAN	NAN	1	1.80E-05	NAN	NAN	1	3.73E-08	NAN	NAN	1
1653	0.27	NAN	NAN	1	8.17E-06	NAN	NAN	1	1.77E-08	NAN	NAN	1
1648	0.17	NAN	NAN	1	1.56E-05	NAN	NAN	1	3.27E-08	NAN	NAN	1
1643	0.16	NAN	NAN	1	2.28E-05	NAN	NAN	1	3.96E-09	NAN	NAN	1
1638	0.18	NAN	NAN	1	4.92E-06	NAN	NAN	1	4.96E-09	NAN	NAN	1
1633	0.17	NAN	NAN	1	9.83E-06	NAN	NAN	1	1.95E-09	NAN	NAN	1
1628	0.21	NAN	NAN	1	-1.61E-05	NAN	NAN	1	-1.68E-08	NAN	NAN	1
1623	0.15	NAN	NAN	1	-5.48E-06	NAN	NAN	1	-2.32E-09	NAN	NAN	1
1618	0.18	NAN	NAN	1	3.03E-05	NAN	NAN	1	1.11E-08	NAN	NAN	1
1613	NAN	NAN	NAN	0	NAN	NAN	NAN	0	NAN	NAN	NAN	0
1608	0.29	NAN	NAN	1	-3.12E-05	NAN	NAN	1	-1.70E-08	NAN	NAN	1
1603	NAN	NAN	NAN	0	NAN	NAN	NAN	0	NAN	NAN	NAN	0
1598	0.4	NAN	NAN	1	-4.42E-06	NAN	NAN	1	3.21E-08	NAN	NAN	1
1593	0.46	NAN	NAN	1	8.24E-05	NAN	NAN	1	6.34E-08	NAN	NAN	1
1588	0.28	NAN	NAN	1	2.03E-05	NAN	NAN	1	8.18E-09	NAN	NAN	1
1583	0.18	NAN	NAN	1	9.59E-06	NAN	NAN	1	NAN	NAN	NAN	0
1578	0.12	NAN	NAN	1	-1.46E-05	NAN	NAN	1	2.48E-08	NAN	NAN	1
1573	0.12	NAN	NAN	1	2.00E-05	NAN	NAN	1	6.93E-08	NAN	NAN	1
1568	0.13	NAN	NAN	1	-9.20E-07	NAN	NAN	1	2.23E-08	NAN	NAN	1