Ã¯Â»Â¿# Bermuda Coral Sr/Ca and d18O Data and SST Reconstruction 1781-1998
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#                World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
#                                  and 
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
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# NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. 
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. 
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# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo/f?p=519:1:::::P1_STUDY_ID:6115
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# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/24611
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# Original_Source_URL: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/atlantic/bermuda2008.txt
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# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
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# Archive: Climate Reconstructions
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# Contribution_Date
#	Date:  2008-10
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# Title
#	Study_Name: Bermuda Brain Coral Sea Surface Temperature and Salinity Reconstruction 1781-1998 
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# Investigators
#       Investigators: Goodkin, N.F.; Hughen, K.A.; Curry, W.B.; Doney, S.C.; Ostermann, D.R.
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# Description_and_Notes
#	Description: Records of past climate and ocean environment derived from stable isotope, trace metal, and other measurements made on corals and sclerosponges. Parameter keywords describe what was measured in this data set. Additional summary information can be found in the abstracts of papers listed in the data set citations. Coral Sr/Ca and d18O data from a 225-year old Diploria labyrinthiformis colony collected on the south shore of Bermuda (64W, 32N), on the southeastern edge of the Bermuda platform, at 16 m water depth.
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# Publication 
#       Authors: Goodkin, N.F.; Hughen, K.A.; Curry, W.B.; Doney, S.C.; Ostermann, D.R.
#       Published_Date_or_Year: 2008-07-08      
#       Published_Title: Sea surface temperature and salinity variability at Bermuda during the end of the Little Ice Age
#       Journal_Name: Paleoceanography
#       Volume: 23
#       Edition: 
#       Issue: 
#       Pages: 
#       DOI: 10.1029/2007PA001532
#       Online_Resource: 
#       Full_Citation: Goodkin, N.F., K.A. Hughen, W.B. Curry, S.C. Doney, and D.R. Ostermann. 2008. Sea surface temperature and salinity variability at Bermuda during the end of the Little Ice Age.  Paleoceanography, 23, PA3203, doi:10.1029/2007PA001532.
#       Abstract: We use geochemical and isotope measurements on a 225-year old brain coral (Diploria labyrinthiformis) from the south shore of Bermuda (64W, 32N) to construct a record of decadal-to-centennial-scale climate variability. The coral was collected alive, and annual density bands visible in X radiographs delineate cold and warm seasons allowing for precise dating. Coral skeletons incorporate strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca) in relative proportions inversely to the sea surface temperature (SST) in which the skeleton is secreted. Previous studies on this and other coral colonies from this region document the ability to reconstruct mean annual andwintertime SST using Sr/Ca measurements (Goodkin et al., 2007, 2005). The coral-based records of SST for the past 2 centuries show abrupt shifts at both decadal and centennial timescales and suggest that SST at the end of the Little Ice Age (between 1840 and 1860) was 1.5C-0.4C colder than today (1990s). Coral-reconstructed SST has a greater magnitude change than does a gridded instrumental SST record from this region. This may result from several physical processes including high rates of mesoscale eddy propagation in this region. Oxygen isotope values (d18O) of the coral skeleton reflect changes in both temperature and the d18O of seawater (dOw),where dOw is proportional to sea surface salinity (SSS). We show in this study that mean annual and wintertime d18O of the carbonate (dOc) are correlated to both SST and SSS, but a robust, quantitative measure of SSS is not found with present calibration data. In combination, however, the Sr/Ca and dOc qualitatively reconstruct lower salinities at the end of the Little Ice Age relative to modern day. Temperature changes agree with other records from the Bermuda region. Radiative and atmospheric forcing may explain some of the SST variability, but the scales of implied changes in SST and SSS indicate large-scale ocean circulation impacts as well.
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#	Authors: Anderson, D.M., Tardif, R., Horlick, K., Erb, M.P., Hakim, G.J., Noone, D., Perkins, W.A., and E. Steig
#	Published_Date_or_Year: 2018
#	Published_Title: Additions to the last millennium reanalysis multi-proxy database
#	Journal_Name: Data Science Journal
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#	Edition:
#	Issue:
#	Pages:
#	Report_Number:
#	DOI:
#	Online_Resource:
#	Full_Citation: Anderson, D.M., Tardif, R., Horlick, K., Erb, M.P., Hakim, G., J., Noone, D., Perkins, W.A., and E. Steig, submitted. Additions to the last millennium reanalysis multi-proxy database. Data Science Journal.
#	Abstract: Progress in paleoclimatology increasingly occurs via data syntheses. We describe additions to a collection prepared for use in paleoclimate state estimation, specifically the Last Millennium Reanalysis (LMR).  The 2290 additional series include 2152 tree ring chronologies and 138 other series.  They supplement the collection used previously and together form a database titled LMRdb 1.0.0. The additional data draws from lake core, ice core, coral, speleothem, and tree ring archives, using published data primarily from the NOAA Paleoclimatology archive and a set of tree ring width chronologies standardized from raw International Tree Ring Data Bank ring width series. In contrast to many previous paleo compilations, the data were not selected (screened) on the basis of their environmental correlation, multi-century length, or other attributes. The inclusion of proxies sensitive to moisture and other environmental variables expands their use in data assimilation.  A preliminary calibration using linear regression with mean annual temperature reveals characteristics of the proxy series and their relationship to temperature, as well as the noise and error characteristics of the records. The additional records are structured as individual files in the NOAA Paleoclimatology format and archived at NOAA Paleoclimatology (Anderson et al. 2018) and will continue to be improved and expanded as part of the LMR Project.  The additions represent a four-fold increase in the number of records available for assimilation, provide expanded geographic coverage, and add additional proxy variables.  Applications include data assimilation, proxy system model development, and paleoclimate reconstruction using climate field reconstruction and other methods.
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# Funding_Agency 
#       Funding_Agency_Name: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
#       Grant:
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# Funding_Agency 
#       Funding_Agency_Name: U.S. National Science Foundation
#       Grant: OCE-0402728

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#	Funding_Agency_Name: National Science Foundation
#	Grant:AGS-1304263
#	Funding_Agency_Name: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
#	Grant:NA14OAR4310176
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# Site_Information 
#       Site_Name: Bermuda
#       Location: Ocean>Atlantic Ocean>North Atlantic Ocean>Bermuda
#	Country: Bermuda 
#	Northernmost_Latitude: 32.325
# 	Southernmost_Latitude: 32.325
# 	Easternmost_Longitude: -64.683
# 	Westernmost_Longitude: -64.683
# 	Elevation: -16 m
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# Data_Collection   
#	Collection_Name: 08berm01e
#	Earliest_Year: 1781
#	Most_Recent_Year: 1998
#	Time_Unit: y_ad
#	Core_Length: 
#	Notes: {"database":"LMR"} Bermuda2008Diploria_d18O
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# Species 
#	Species_Name: Diploria labyrinthiformis
#	Common_Name: Brain Coral
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# Chronology: 
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# Variables 
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# Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Data line variables format:  Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) 
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##age	age, , ,years AD, , Climate Reconstructions, , ,N
##sst	sea surface temperature, , ,degrees Celcius, ,Climate Reconstructions, , ,N
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# Data:
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing Values: NAN 
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age	sst
1998	23.251
1997	23.413
1996	23.344
1995	23.01
1994	23.475
1993	23.022
1992	22.981
1991	23.145
1990	23.816
1989	23.16
1988	22.176
1987	23.278
1986	23.334
1985	23.278
1984	23.265
1983	23.043
1982	23.144
1981	21.614
1980	22.654
1979	23.478
1978	22.475
1977	23.293
1976	23.491
1975	23.289
1974	23.715
1973	22.568
1972	23.582
1971	23.423
1970	23.601
1969	23.839
1968	23.721
1967	23.274
1966	25.12
1965	23.863
1964	24.11
1963	23.881
1962	24.797
1961	24.655
1960	23.957
1959	23.557
1958	25.187
1957	23.917
1956	23.687
1955	24.143
1954	25.118
1953	24.609
1952	24.195
1951	23.871
1950	23.038
1949	22.289
1948	22.05
1947	21.601
1946	22.837
1945	22.13
1944	22.424
1943	22.302
1942	23.347
1941	23.424
1940	23.456
1939	24.088
1938	24.071
1937	23.861
1936	23.318
1935	23.487
1934	23.695
1933	23.376
1932	22.487
1931	23.761
1930	23.301
1929	23.157
1928	23.955
1927	24.095
1926	23.501
1925	23.243
1924	23.48
1923	22.821
1922	23.089
1921	23.616
1920	22.306
1919	21.858
1918	21.965
1917	21.69
1916	22.78
1915	22.301
1914	22.446
1913	22.382
1912	21.81
1911	23.078
1910	23.697
1909	23.771
1908	22.87
1907	22.839
1906	21.583
1905	23.356
1904	22.444
1903	22.21
1902	23.049
1901	22
1900	21.019
1899	23.081
1898	23.211
1897	23.325
1896	22.919
1895	21.635
1894	21.428
1893	22.931
1892	24.192
1891	24.77
1890	24.98
1889	24.373
1888	24.299
1887	23.945
1886	22.787
1885	22.923
1884	22.411
1883	22.597
1882	22.298
1881	21.812
1880	22.62
1879	22.475
1878	23.534
1877	22.714
1876	23.534
1875	22.682
1874	22.961
1873	23.548
1872	23.425
1871	24.159
1870	22.292
1869	21.344
1868	22.771
1867	21.888
1866	21.403
1865	22.889
1864	21.184
1863	21.668
1862	22.618
1861	20.376
1860	21.136
1859	21.368
1858	20.754
1857	22.591
1856	21.446
1855	20.932
1854	22.064
1853	21.018
1852	21.858
1851	21.437
1850	21.834
1849	20.531
1848	20.273
1847	21.772
1846	20.287
1845	21.187
1844	22.218
1843	22.713
1842	23
1841	22.493
1840	21.281
1839	21.339
1838	22.649
1837	22.855
1836	22.068
1835	21.57
1834	22.221
1833	22.618
1832	20.922
1831	21.535
1830	21.499
1829	21.317
1828	20.28
1827	21.95
1826	20.854
1825	20.464
1824	21.261
1823	22.026
1822	21.087
1821	21.195
1820	22.996
1819	21.486
1818	21.535
1817	21.987
1816	22.559
1815	22.882
1814	22.449
1813	22.157
1812	21.851
1811	22.103
1810	22.63
1809	23.112
1808	21.957
1807	22.476
1806	22.005
1805	22.887
1804	23.631
1803	22.351
1802	22.906
1801	23.409
1800	22.586
1799	22.695
1798	22.642
1797	23.113
1796	22.366
1795	22.342
1794	22.888
1793	23.379
1792	24.108
1791	22.856
1790	22.692
1789	23.125
1788	23.753
1787	23.084
1786	22.501
1785	22.335
1784	22.052
1783	20.674
1782	22.19
1781	NAN