# Winter North Atlantic Oscillation Index Reconstruction from Tree-Rings since 910 C.E. #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 3.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, online resource and date accessed when using this data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigator, title, online resource and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/26810 # Description: NOAA Landing Page # Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/reconstructions/cook2019/cook2019-nao.txt # Description: NOAA location of the template # # Data_Type: Climate Reconstructions # # Dataset_DOI: # # Parameter_Keywords: atmospheric circulation #--------------------------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2019-05-15 #--------------------------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2019-05-15 #--------------------------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Winter North Atlantic Oscillation Index Reconstruction from Tree-Rings since 910 C.E. #--------------------------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Cook, Edward R.; Kushnir, Yochanan; Smerdon, Jason E.; Williams, A. Park; Anchukaitis, Kevin J.; Wahl, Eugene R. #--------------------------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Cook, Edward R., Yochanan Kushnir, Jason E. Smerdon, A. Park Williams, Kevin J. Anchukaitis, and Eugene R. Wahl # Published_Date_or_Year: 2019 # Published_Title: A Euro-Mediterranean tree-ring reconstruction of the winter NAO index since 910 C.E. # Journal_Name: Climate Dynamics # Volume: # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1007/s00382-019-04696-2 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: We develop a new reconstruction of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index using a network of 97 Euro-Mediterranean tree-ring series. The reconstruction covers the period 910-2018 C.E., making it the longest annually resolved estimate of winter NAO variability available. We use nested correlation-weighted principal components regression and the Maximum Entropy Bootstrap method to generate a 2400-member ensemble of reconstructions for estimating the final reconstruction and its quantile uncertainties. Extensive validation testing of the new reconstruction against data withheld from the calibration exercise demonstrates its skill. The skill level of the new reconstruction is also an improvement over two NAO reconstructions published earlier. Spectral analyses indicate that the new reconstruction behaves like a "white noise" process with intermittent band-limited power, suggesting that the winter NAO is stochastically forced. The "white noise" properties of our reconstruction are also shown to be consistent with the spectral properties of long instrumental NAO indices extending back to 1781 and NAO indices extracted from a large number of forced climate model runs covering the last millennium. In contrast, an annually resolved multi-proxy NAO reconstruction of comparable length, based in part on speleothem data, behaves more like externally forced "red noise" process, which is inconsistent with our reconstruction, long observations, and forced model runs. #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Jones, P., Davies, T., Lister, D., Slonosky, V., Jónsson, T., Bärring, L., Jönsson, P., Maheras, P., Kolyva-Machera, F., Barriendos, M., Martin-Vide, J. , Rodriguez, R. , Alcoforado, M. , Wanner, H. , Pfister, C. , Luterbacher, J. , Rickli, R. , Schuepbach, E. , Kaas, E. , Schmith, T. , Jacobeit, J. and Beck, C. # Published_Date_or_Year: 1999 # Published_Title: Monthly mean pressure reconstructions for Europe for the 1780-1995 period # Journal_Name: International Journal of Climatology # Volume: # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(19990330)19:4<347::AID-JOC363>3.0.CO;2-S # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Monthly grid-point pressure data are reconstructed from station records of pressure for Europe since 1780. The region encompasses 35–70oN to 30oW–40oE. The reconstructions are based on a principal components regression technique, which relates surface pressure patterns to those of the station pressure data. The relationships are derived over a calibration period (1936–1995) and the results tested with independent data (the verification period, 1881–1935). The reconstructions are of excellent quality, although this is slightly lower for regions with poor station coverage in the early years, particularly during the summer months. The reconstructions are compared with other monthly mean pressure maps produced by Lamb and Johnson (1966) for the years 1780–1872 and by Kington (1980, 1988) for 1781–1785. Both of these map series show systematic biases relative to the present reconstructions. #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: # Grant: #--------------------------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: North Atlantic Oscillation # Location: North Atlantic Ocean # Country: # Northernmost_Latitude: 65 # Southernmost_Latitude: 38 # Easternmost_Longitude: -10 # Westernmost_Longitude: -50 # Elevation: #--------------------------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: NAO recon Cook2019 # First_Year: 910 # Last_Year: 2018 # Time_Unit: AD # Core_Length: # Notes: #--------------------------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: #--------------------------------------- # Variables # Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) ## Year age,,,year Common Era,,climate reconstructions,,,N, ## NAOmed North Atlantic Oscillation Index,,,,,climate reconstructions,,,N,median of 2400 ensemble members ## -05%CL North Atlantic Oscillation Index,,95% confidence interval lower bound,,,climate reconstructions,,,N,-05%CL ## +95%CL North Atlantic Oscillation Index,,95% confidence interval upper bound,,,climate reconstructions,,,N,+95%CL #------------------------ # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: NaN Year NAOmed -05%CL +95%CL 910 1.56 0.37 0.33 911 -0.11 0.61 0.53 912 -0.87 0.49 0.55 913 2.88 0.51 0.62 914 0.26 0.44 0.71 915 1.76 0.56 0.5 916 0.49 0.6 0.4 917 -0.85 0.45 0.53 918 1.72 0.61 0.71 919 0.48 0.4 0.65 920 2.16 0.92 0.61 921 0.88 0.61 1 922 -0.6 0.59 0.5 923 0.49 0.59 0.36 924 0.67 0.31 1.1 925 0.13 0.53 0.84 926 -0.51 0.89 0.88 927 -0.66 0.75 1.15 928 -0.4 0.77 0.6 929 0.59 0.69 0.93 930 -0.58 0.54 1.7 931 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