# Western North America Network of Moisture Sensitive Proxy Records from 6000 yr BP #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # NOTE: Please cite original publication, online resource and date accessed when using this data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigator, title, online resource and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/23710 # Description: NOAA Landing Page # Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/reconstructions/hydroclimate/hermann2018/hermann2018-RecordsUsed_Metadata.txt # Description: NOAA location of this template # Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/reconstructions/hydroclimate/hermann2018/hermann2018-aggregatesite.txt # Description: NOAA template with data used to create the final network data table # Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/reconstructions/hydroclimate/hermann2018/hermann2018-finalnetwork.txt # Description: NOAA location of the associated Proxy Data Table file # # Archive: Climate Reconstructions # # Dataset_DOI: # # Parameter_Keywords: precipitation #--------------------------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2018-03-26 #--------------------------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2018-03-26 #--------------------------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Western North America Network of Moisture Sensitive Proxy Records from 6000 yr BP #--------------------------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Hermann, N.W.; Oster, J.L.; Ibarra, D.E. #--------------------------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: # Provided Keywords: mid-Holocene, proxy-model comparison, terrestrial hydroclimate #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Hermann, N.W., J.L. Oster, and D.E. Ibarra # Published_Date_or_Year: 2018 # Published_Title: Spatial patterns and driving mechanisms of mid-Holocene hydroclimate in western North America # Journal_Name: Journal of Quaternary Science # Volume: # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: # Report Number: # DOI: 10.1002/jqs.3023 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Mid-Holocene paleoclimate proxy records from drought-sensitive western North America suggest widespread aridity in areas dominated by winter precipitation. We present spatial comparisons of a diverse network of moisture-sensitive proxies with 12 global circulation model simulations from the Paleoclimate Model Intercomparison Project to determine the most important atmospheric drivers behind observed mid-Holocene aridity in this region. Although model-proxy agreement is low for most models, in part reflecting small mid-Holocene precipitation anomalies, three show relatively strong agreement by successfully simulating arid conditions across the Pacific Northwest. The model that shows the strongest spatial agreement with the proxy network reveals an anticyclonic wind anomaly that is similar to but weaker than anomalies noted during westwide drought episodes of the past 500 years. This model suggests increased transient upper level ridging that reduced winter water vapor transport from the south-west during the mid-Holocene. These mechanisms are similar to those suggested to have supported megadrought conditions in western North America during the Medieval Climate Anomaly and which are also simulated in anthropogenic warming scenarios. Future work on quantitative proxy records to enhance temporal and spatial coverage, and explicitly address issues of seasonality, will improve the quality of future climate model–data comparison studies. #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: National Science Foundation # Grant: AGS-1203701, AGS-1554998 #--------------------------------------- # Site Information # Site_Name: Western North America # Location: # Country: # Northernmost_Latitude: 50 # Southernmost_Latitude: 28 # Easternmost_Longitude: -105 # Westernmost_Longitude: # Elevation: #--------------------------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: RecordMetadata WNAm Sites Hermann2018 # First_Year: 6000 # Last_Year: 6000 # Time_Unit: cal yr BP # Core_Length: # Notes: #--------------------------------------- # Synthesis Collection Metadata Fields # NOTE: These are the fields used to capture the metadata about data sources used in a synthesis study. # Each row of this table corresponds to a column in the SourceDataTable file listed above in the Online_Resource URLs. # The rows here are linked to the columns in the data table using the ID field. # Metadata fields that follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Additional columns from contributor may be included below "notes" field. # ## dataID dataset ID NOTE: This field is used to tie the data's metadata to the data. This value will be the column header in the data table ## FullDataSetCode A name for the data collection ## archiveType archive or data type of the collection ## latitude latitude of site in decimal degrees North ## longitude longitude of site in decimal degrees East ## elevation elevation of site in meters ## startYear start year in years CE ## endYear end year in years CE ## Citation citation text or DOI for original publication source of data ## Original_Source_Data_URL Original Source URL or DOI(if available) for the data presented here ## variable_used Variable from original source that is being used ## date_accessed Date the original source data was acquired ## notes Any additional information about the use of the record that is not covered in the fields above ## category category (w/d/n/i) ## Previous_compilation Previous_compilation ## Age_Control Age Control ## 14CAge_Closest_to_6ka 14C Age Closest to 6ka (14C years) ## ApproxChronErr Approx. Chronological Error ## RadiocarbonAge_Uncertain Radiocarbon Age Uncertainty ## CalAgeRangeMin Calibrated Age Range Min (cal yr BP) ## CalAgeRangeMax Calibrated Age Range Max (cal yr BP) ## CalAgeRange_Uncertain Calibrated Age Range Uncertainty ## NearestAge_to_6ka Nearest Age to 6ka (cal yr BP) (if not 14C) #--------------------------------------- # Collection_Metadata: # Missing_Value: dataID FullDataSetCode archiveType latitude longitude elevation startYear endYear Citation Original_Source_Data_URL variable_used data_accessed notes category Previous_compilation Age_Control 14CAge_Closest_to_6ka ApproxChronErr RadiocarbonAge_Uncertain CalAgeRangeMin CalAgeRangeMax CalAgeRange_Uncertain NearestAge_to_6ka Pinecrest Lake Pinecrest Lake Lake Sediment 50.5 -121.5 NA NA NA Mathewes and Rouse 1975 NA Pollen NA about 4 data points in MH Drier Thompson et al 1993 14C and mazama ash 11000 170 NA 12638 13203 2 sigma NA Kelowna Bog Kelowna Bog Terrestrial Sediment 49.9333333333333 -119.383333333333 NA NA NA Alley 1976 NA Pollen NA at least 4 MH points Drier Thompson et al 1993 14C and mazama ash NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Turtle Lake Turtle Lake Lake Sediment 49.327 -124.96 NA NA NA Brown et al 2006 NA DWHI in pollen NA Douglas Fir Western Hemlock Index - reflects precipitation No Change NA 14C 5750 90 2 sigma 6392 6742 2 sigma NA Marian and Surprise Lakes Marian and Surprise Lakes Lake Sediment 49.315 -122.555 NA NA NA Mathewes 1973 NA Stratigraphy, pollen NA 2 lakes with good MH coverage Drier Thompson et al 1993 14C and mazama ash 4860 105 1 sigma 5440 5763 2 sigma NA Mahoney Lake Mahoney Lake Lake Sediment 49.283 -119.58333 NA NA NA Lowe et al 1997 NA Stratigraphy NA about 10 points in MH Drier NA 14C and mazama ash 5470 210 1 sigma 5990 6457 1 sigma NA Enos Lake Enos Lake Lake Sediment 49.28 -124.155 NA NA NA Brown et al 2006 NA DWHI in pollen NA moderate resolution No Change NA 14C 6630 90 2 sigma 7415 7669 2 sigma NA Boomerang Lake Boomerang Lake Lake Sediment 49.18 -124.156 NA NA NA Brown et al 2006 NA DWHI in pollen NA NA No Change NA 14C 6730 40 2 sigma 5611 5717 2 sigma NA Pangborn Bog Pangborn Bog Terrestrial Sediment 49 -122.27 NA NA NA Hansen and Easterbrook 1974 NA Pollen NA moderate resolution Drier Thompson et al 1993 14C and Mazama Ash 7140 600 1 sigma 6777 9329 2 sigma NA Big Meadow Big Meadow Terrestrial Sediment 48.9166666666667 -117.416666666667 NA NA NA Mack et al 1978c NA Pollen NA at least 5 data points in MH Drier Thompson et al 1993 14C 4210 110 1 sigma 4431 4984 2 sigma NA Porphyry Lake Porphyry Lake Lake Sediment 48.9055 -123.8333 NA NA NA Brown and Hebda 2003 NA Pollen, DWHI, THMI, charcoal NA at least 6 data points in MH Drier NA 14C 5950 110 1 sigma 6495 7028 2 sigma NA Effingham Island Bog Effingham Island Bog Terrestrial Sediment 48.87 -125.32 NA NA NA Brown et al 2006 NA DWHI in pollen NA NA No Change NA Correlation and Mazama Ash NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Bonaparte Meadows Bonaparte Meadows Terrestrial Sediment 48.799 -119.055 NA NA NA Mack et al 1979 NA Pollen NA about 4 data points in MH Drier Thompson et al 1993 14C and mazama ash 6790 130 NA 7434 7866 2 sigma NA Mosquito Lake Bog Mosquito Lake Bog Terrestrial Sediment 48.77 -122.12 NA NA NA Hansen and Easterbrook 1974 NA Pollen NA moderate resolution Drier Thompson et al 1993 14C 7140 600 1 sigma 6777 9329 2 sigma NA Whyac Lake Bog Whyac Lake Bog Terrestrial Sediment 48.67 -124.84 NA NA NA Brown et al 2006 NA DWHI in pollen NA NA No Change NA 14C 4710 70 2 sigma 6086 6459 2 sigma NA Rhamnus Lake Rhamnus Lake Lake Sediment 48.632 -123.72 NA NA NA Brown et al 2006 NA DWHI in pollen NA NA No Change NA 14C and mazama ash 4710 80 2 sigma 5292 5603 2 sigma NA Hager Lake Hager Lake Lake Sediment 48.6 -116.97 NA NA NA Mack et al 1978d NA Pollen NA at least 6 data points in MH Drier Thompson et al 1993 14C 6390 230 1 sigma 6745 7676 2 sigma NA Pixie Lake Pixie Lake Lake Sediment 48.595 -124.2 NA NA NA Brown et al 2006 NA DWHI in pollen NA NA No Change NA 14C 5450 70 2 sigma 6171 6399 2 sigma NA Mud Lake Mud Lake Lake Sediment 48.59 -119.63 NA NA NA Mack et al 1979 NA Pollen NA NA Drier Thompson et al 1993 14C 8030 150 NA 8542 9316 2 sigma NA Heal Lake Heal Lake Lake Sediment 48.53 -123.47 NA NA NA Brown et al 2006 NA DWHI in pollen NA NA No Change NA 14C and mazama ash 5190 70 2 sigma 5855 6128 2 sigma NA Walker Lake Walker Lake Lake Sediment 48.5291 -124.002 NA NA NA Brown and Hebda 2003 NA Pollen, DWHI, THMI, charcoal NA at least 6 data points in MH Drier NA 14C and mazama ash 6190 70 1 sigma 6926 7259 2 sigma NA Langford Lake Langford Lake Lake Sediment 48.45 -123.53 NA NA NA Brown et al 2006 NA DWHI in pollen NA NA No Change NA 14C and mazama ash 6730 40 2 sigma 6211 6481 2 sigma NA East Sooke Fen East Sooke Fen Terrestrial Sediment 48.35 -123.68 NA NA NA Brown et al 2006 NA DWHI in pollen NA NA No Change NA 14C and mazama ash 5360 40 2 sigma 6096 6222 2 sigma NA Simpson's Flats Simpson's Flats Terrestrial Sediment 48.3333333333333 -118.583333333333 NA NA NA Mack et al 1978a NA Pollen NA about 4 data points in MH Drier Thompson et al 1993 14C and Mazama ash 5850 240 1 sigma 6190 7261 2 sigma NA Teepee Lake Teepee Lake Terrestrial Sediment 48.3333333333333 -115.5 NA NA NA Mack et al 1983 NA Pollen NA 4 data points in MH near 5.5-6.4 ka Drier Thompson et al 1993 14C and mazama ash 6420 140 1 sigma 7139 7574 2 sigma NA Foy Lake Foy Lake Lake Level 48.17 -114.35 NA NA NA Shuman et al., 2009 NA Stratigraphy, quantitative P-ET reconstruction NA NA Drier NA 14C 5900 35 1 sigma 6650 6794 2 sigma NA Goose Lake Goose Lake Lake Sediment 48.167 -119.342 NA NA NA Nickmann and Leopold 1985 NA NA NA NA Inconclusive Thompson et al 1993 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Waits Lake Waits Lake Lake Sediment 48.167 -118.667 NA NA NA Mack et al 1978b NA Pollen NA at least 8 points in the MH Drier Thompson et al 1993 14C and mazama ash 6250 100 1 sigma 6926 7338 2 sigma NA Wessler Bog Wessler Bog Terrestrial Sediment 48.1666666666667 -124.5 NA NA NA Heusser 1973 NA Pollen, stratigraphy NA not good chronology inconclusive Thompson et al 1993 14C 14460 200 NA NA NA NA NA Mckillop Creek Pond Mckillop Creek Pond Terrestrial Sediment 48.147 -115.263 NA NA NA Mack et al 1983 NA Pollen NA approx 4 data points near MH at basal age and below Drier Thompson et al 1993 14C 5930 110 1 sigma 6477 7021 2 sigma NA Wentworth Lake Wentworth Lake Lake Sediment 48.01 -124.53 NA NA NA Heusser 1973 NA Pollen, stratigraphy NA redone by Bruback Drier Thompson et al 1993; Gavin and Brubaker, 2015 14C and mazama ash 6210 120 1 sigma 6827 7330 2 sigma NA Soleduck Bog Soleduck Bog Terrestrial Sediment 47.9166666666667 -124.466666666667 NA NA NA Heusser 1973 NA Pollen, stratigraphy NA just basal ages and correlation with nearby sections - remove? inconclusive Thompson et al 1993 14C 9380 180 NA NA NA NA NA Moose Lake Moose Lake Terrestrial Sediment 47.88 -123.35 NA NA NA Gavin et al., 2001 NA Pollen NA good resolution Drier Gavin and Brubaker, 2015 14C and mazama ash 6130 90 1 sigma 6794 7246 2 sigma 7477-7777 (mazama) Hoh River Valley Site Hoh River Valley Site Terrestrial Sediment 47.8333333333333 -124.5 NA NA NA Heusser 1974; 1977 NA Pollen NA at least 4 MH points Drier Thompson et al 1993; Gavin and Brubaker, 2015 14C and mazama ash 6080 100 1 sigma 6717 7179 2 sigma NA Hall Lake Hall Lake Lake Sediment 47.8166666666667 -122.3 NA NA NA Sugita and Tsukada, 1982 NA Pollen NA NA Inconclusive Thompson et al 1993 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Yahoo Lake Yahoo Lake Terrestrial Sediment 47.683 -124.017 NA NA NA Gavin et al., 2013 NA Pollen, charcoal NA high resolution Drier Gavin and Brubaker, 2015 14C and mazama ash 5845 60 1 sigma 6497 6787 2 sigma NA Lake Washington Lake Washington Lake Sediment 47.6666666666667 -122.216666666667 NA NA NA Leopold et al 1982 NA Pollen, lignin NA at least 5 data points in MH Drier Thompson et al 1993 14C and mazama ash 7200 200 1 sigma 7665 8390 2 sigma NA Williams Fen Williams Fen Terrestrial Sediment 47.3333333333333 -117.583333333333 NA NA NA Nickmann 1979 NA Pollen NA low resolution Drier Thompson et al 1993 14C and mazama ash 4060 300 1 sigma 3810 5322 2 sigma NA Humptulips Bog Humptulips Bog Terrestrial Sediment 47.28 -123.917 NA NA NA Heusser et al., 1999 NA Pollen NA at least 4 MH points Drier Gavin and Brubaker, 2015 14C 3870 160 1 sigma 3864 4710 2 sigma NA Nisqually Lake Nisqually Lake Lake Sediment 47 -122.216666666667 NA NA NA Hibbert 1979 NA Pollen NA No independent age control Inconclusive Thompson et al 1993 Correlation to Mineral Lake NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Log Wallow Log Wallow Terrestrial Sediment 46.775 -121.754 NA NA NA Dunwiddie 1986 NA Pollen, charcoal, macrofossils NA NA Drier NA 14C and ash layers 5980 60 1 sigma 6670 6954 2 sigma NA Jay Bath Jay Bath Terrestrial Sediment 46.77 -121.77 NA NA NA Dunwiddie 1986 NA Pollen, charcoal, macrofossils NA at least 4 MH points Drier NA 14C and ash layers 6050 110 1 sigma 6657 7178 2 sigma NA Reflection Pond Reflection Pond Lake Sediment 46.77 -121.731 NA NA NA Dunwiddie 1986 NA Pollen, charcoal, macrofossils NA at least 4 MH points Drier NA Correlation and ash layers NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Zenkner Valley section Zenkner Valley section Terrestrial Sediment 46.75 -123 NA NA NA Heusser 1977 NA Pollen, stratigraphy NA at least 4 MH points inconclusive Thompson et al 1993 correlation with Lake Washington, Mazama Ash NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Mineral Lake Mineral Lake Lake Sediment 46.7333333333333 -122.2 NA NA NA Tsukada and Sugita 1982 NA Pollen NA at least 4 MH points No change Thompson et al 1993 14C and ash layers 6800 180 1 sigma 7412 7979 2 sigma NA Davis Lake Davis Lake Lake Sediment 46.5833333333333 -122.25 NA NA NA Barnosky 1981 NA LOI, pollen, macrofossils NA at least 4 MH points Drier Thompson et al 1993 14C 6420 110 NA 7155 7566 NA NA Telegraph Creek Marsh Telegraph Creek Marsh Terrestrial Sediment 46.5 -112.333333333333 NA NA NA Brant 1980 NA Pollen, diatoms NA No real climate determination Inconclusive Thompson et al 1993 Mazama and Glacier Peak Ash NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Forest Lake Forest Lake Terrestrial Sediment 46.452 -112.166 NA NA NA Brant 1980 NA Pollen, diatoms NA No real climate determination Inconclusive Thompson et al 1993 Mazama and Glacier Peak Ash NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Carp Lake Carp Lake Lake Sediment 45.9166666666667 -120.883333333333 NA NA NA Whitlock et al 2000; Barnosky 1985 NA Pollen NA at least 5 data points in MH Drier Harrison et al., 2003 14C and ash layers 5820 50 1 sigma 6497 6738 2 sigma NA Battle Ground Lake Battle Ground Lake Lake Sediment 45.80455 -122.494 NA NA NA Barnosky 1985a NA Stratigraphy, pollen NA at least 6 data points in MH Drier Thompson et al 1993 14C and ash layers 5310 40 1 sigma 5989 6206 2 sigma NA Lost Trail Pass Bog Lost Trail Pass Bog Terrestrial Sediment 45.75 -113.966666666667 NA NA NA Mehringer et al 1977 NA Pollen, charcoal NA at least 4 MH points No change Thompson et al 1993 14C and ash layers 5340 100 1 sigma 5918 6300 2 sigma NA Big Pryor Big Pryor Packrat Middens 45.131783 -108.645 NA NA NA Lyford et al 2002 NA Macrofossil and pollen NA NA Drier NA 14C 5880 170 1 sigma 6393 7033 2 sigma NA East Pryor East Pryor Packrat Middens 45.04565 -108.25123 NA NA NA Lyford et al 2002 NA Macrofossil and pollen NA NA Drier NA 14C 5575 95 1 sigma 6189 6567 2 sigma NA Blacktail Pond Blacktail Pond Terrestrial Sediment 44.956 -110.602 NA NA NA Gennett 1977; Beiswenger 1991 NA Pollen NA NA Drier Thompson et al 1993 14C and ash layers 11780 150 1 sigma 13308 13973 2 sigma NA McCall Fen McCall Fen Terrestrial Sediment 44.937 -116.036 NA NA NA Doerner and Carrara, 2001 NA Stratigraphy, pollen NA about 5 data points in MH Drier NA 14C and ash layers 10350 40 1 sigma 12025 12391 2 sigma NA Gardiners Hole Gardiners Hole Terrestrial Sediment 44.9166666666667 -110.733333333333 NA NA NA Baker 1983 NA Pollen NA about 3 MH points No change Thompson et al 1993 14C and Mazama Ash 13530 260 1 sigma 15554 17114 2 sigma NA Indian Prairie Fen Indian Prairie Fen Terrestrial Sediment 44.63333 -122.575 NA NA NA Sea and Whitlock 1995 NA Pollen NA at least 6 data points in MH Drier NA 14C and Mazama Ash 4950 60 1 sgima 5588 5764 2 sigma NA Beaver Lake Beaver Lake Lake Sediment 44.55 -123.178 NA NA NA Walsh et al 2010 NA LOI, Pollen, Charcoal NA at least 10 MH data points No Change NA 210Pb, 14C, and mazama ash 5710 90 1 sigma 6306 6678 2 sigma NA Cub Creek Pond Cub Creek Pond Terrestrial Sediment 44.506 -110.246 NA NA NA Waddington and Wright 1974 NA LOI, Pollen, stratigraphy NA about 4 data points in MH Drier Thompson et al 1993 14C and ash layers 11660 180 1 sigma 13108 13850 2 sigma NA Lilypad Pond Lilypad Pond Terrestrial Sediment 44.3 -110.25 NA NA NA Baker 1976 NA NA NA NA Inconclusive Thompson et al 1993 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Little Lake Little Lake Lake Sediment 44.167412 -123.58409 NA NA NA Worona and Whitlock 1995; Long et al., 1998 NA LOI, pollen NA NA Drier NA 14C, Mazama ash NA NA NA 70 NA NA 4260 Cub Lake Cub Lake Lake Sediment 44.1333333333333 -111.183333333333 NA NA NA Baker 1983 NA Pollen NA about 3 MH points Drier Thompson et al 1993 14C 7910 170 1 sigma 8394 9144 2 sigma NA Gold Lake Bog Gold Lake Bog Terrestrial Sediment 43.65 -122.041667 NA NA NA Sea and Whitlock 1995 NA Pollen NA about 4 data points in MH? Drier NA 14C and Mazama Ash 4870 90 1 sigma 5447 5761 2 sigma NA Lake of the Woods Lake of the Woods Lake Sediment 43.48 -109.89 NA NA NA Pribyl and Shuman, 2014; Shuman et al., 2010 NA Stratigraphy, quantitative P-ET reconstruction NA high res, quantitative Drier NA 14C 5345 20 1 sigma 6099 6161 2 sigma NA Rattlesnake Cave Rattlesnake Cave Terrestrial Sediment 43.3833333333333 -112.633333333333 NA NA NA Davis et al., 1986 NA Pollen NA about 4 data points in MH Drier Thompson et al 1993 14C and mazama ash 6760 1605 1 sigma 3704 11615 2 sigma NA Diamond Pond Diamond Pond Terrestrial Sediment 43.25 -118.333333333333 NA NA NA Wigand 1987 NA Pollen, charcoal, macrofossils NA no error provided inconclusive Thompson et al 1993 14C and ash layers 6000 no error provided NA NA NA NA NA Murphey's rock shelter Murphey's rock shelter Terrestrial Sediment 43.2 -116.1 NA NA NA Henry 1984 NA Pollen NA NA Drier Thompson et al 1993 14C 5670 110 1 sigma 6280 6697 2 sigma NA Grays Lake Grays Lake Lake Sediment 43.063 -111.439 NA NA NA Beiswenger 1991 NA Pollen NA at least 5 data points in MH Drier Harrison et al., 2003; Thompson et al 1993 14C 5850 120 1 sigma 6399 6960 2 sigma NA Fish Lake Fish Lake Lake Sediment 42.7333333333333 -118.633333333333 NA NA NA Mehringer 1985; Verosub et al., 1986 NA Pollen NA NA Drier Thompson et al 1993 14C, ash layers, paleomag ~5900 100 2 sigma 6476 6972 2 sigma NA Rapid Lake Rapid Lake Terrestrial Sediment 42.729 -109.195 NA NA NA Fall et al., 1995 NA Stratigraphy, pollen, LOI NA at least 6 data points in MH Drier NA 14C 5020 285 1 sigma 5044 6354 2 sigma NA Ice Slough Ice Slough Terrestrial Sediment 42.4833333333333 -107.9 NA NA NA Beiswenger 1987; Beiswenger 1991 NA Pollen NA NA Inconclusive Harrison et al., 2003; Thompson et al 1993 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Lake Cleveland Lake Cleveland Lake Sediment 42.3166666666667 -113.65 NA NA NA Davis et al., 1986 NA Pollen NA about 6 data points in MH Drier Harrison et al., 2003; Thompson et al 1993 14C and mazama ash 6320 110 1 sigma 6965 7433 2 sigma NA Swan Lake Swan Lake Terrestrial Sediment 42.293 -111.99 NA NA NA Bright 1966; Beiswenger 1991 NA Pollen NA NA Inconclusive Harrison et al., 2003; Thompson et al 1993 14C NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Oregon Caves National Monument Oregon Caves National Monument Speleothem 42.0981 -123.4072 NA NA NA Ersek et al 2012 NA Oxygen and Carbon Isotopes NA NA Wetter NA U-Th NA NA NA 5900 6020 2 sigma 5960 Minnetonka Cave Minnetonka Cave Speleothem 42.0875 -111.519 NA NA NA Lundeen et al 2013 NA 13C and 18O isotopes NA NA Drier NA U-Th NA NA NA 6037 6171 2 sigma 6104 Bolan Lake Bolan Lake Lake Sediment 42.022004 -123.459192 NA NA NA Briles et al 2005 NA LOI, MS, charcoal, pollen NA at least 6 pollen data points and higher res charcoal Drier NA 210Pb, 14C, and mazama ash 6290 45 NA 7155 7318 2 sigma NA Bear Lake Bear Lake Lake Sediment 42.022 -111.356 NA NA NA Colman et al., 2009; Moser and Kimball, 2009 NA Diatoms, d18O in carbonates NA at least 10 MH data points for d18O Drier NA 210Pb and 14C 5810 50 1 sigma 6493 6733 2 sigma NA Mission Cross Bog Mission Cross Bog Terrestrial Sediment 41.7833333333333 -115.483333333333 NA NA NA Thompson 1984 NA Pollen NA NA Drier Harrison et al., 2003; Thompson et al 1993 14C 4260 150 1 sigma 4437 5146 2 sigma NA Medicine Lake Medicine Lake Lake Sediment 41.58311 -121.603092 NA NA NA Starratt 2009 NA Diatoms, pollen, stratigraphy NA at least 6 data points in MH, higher res sediment density Drier NA 14C and tephra NA NA NA 6900 NA NA 7673 (tephra) Little Windy Hill pond Little Windy Hill pond Lake Sediment 41.43 -106.33 NA NA NA Pribyl and Shuman, 2014 NA Stratigraphy; quantitative P-ET reeconstruction NA high res, quantitative Drier NA 14C 6640 25 1 sigma 7477 7573 2 sigma NA Crater Lake Crater Lake Lake Sediment 41.383539 -122.579523 NA NA NA Mohr et al 2000 NA Pollen, LOI, MS, charcoal NA at least 5 pollen data points and higher res charcoal Drier NA 14C 5130 55 1 sigma 5743 5955 2 sigma NA Bluff Lake Bluff Lake Lake Sediment 41.346419 -122.559971 NA NA NA Mohr et al 2000 NA Pollen, LOI, MS, charcoal NA at least 5 pollen data points and higher res charcoal Drier NA 14C 5675 55 1 sigma 6384 6569 2 sigma NA Cedar Lake Cedar Lake Lake Sediment 41.20724 -122.497132 NA NA NA West, 1989 NA Pollen NA at least 5 data points in MH Drier NA 14C 3450 90 1 sigma 3542 3926 2 sigma NA Mumbo Lake Mumbo Lake Lake Sediment 41.191 -122.51 NA NA NA Daniels et al., 2005 NA Pollen, charcoal, MS NA NA Drier NA 14C 4670 55 1 sigma 5304 5485 2 sigma NA Homestead Cave Homestead Cave Mammalian Fossils 41.16 -112.93 NA NA NA Grayson 2000 NA Mammilian bones and teeth NA thousands of species per stratum, 3 MH strata Drier NA 14C 5330 65 1 sigma 5987 6277 2 sigma NA Upper Big Creek Upper Big Creek Lake Sediment 40.91 -106.62 NA NA NA Shuman et al., 2015 NA Stratigraphy NA NA Drier NA 14C 6295 20 1 sigma 7172 7263 2 sigma NA Snowbird Bog Snowbird Bog Terrestrial Sediment 40.5833333333333 -111.916666666667 NA NA NA Madsen and Currey 1979 NA Pollen NA about 5 MH data points Wetter Thompson et al 1993 14C 5600 190 1 sigma 5982 6797 2 sigma NA Blue Lake Blue Lake Lake Sediment 40.5 -114.03 NA NA NA Louderback and Rhodes 2009 NA LOI, Pollen NA at least 5 data points in MH Drier NA 14C 5950 50 1 sigma 6664 6900 2 sigma NA Little Willow Lake Little Willow Lake Lake Sediment 40.411 -121.389539 NA NA NA West 2003 NA Pollen, charcoal NA at least 6 data points in MH Drier NA 14C 4460 40 1 sigma 4960 5294 2 sigma NA Ruby Lake/Marsh Ruby Lake/Marsh Lake Sediment 40.11 -115.51 NA NA NA Thompson 1992 NA Pollen, stratigraphy NA approx 4 data points? Drier Harrison et al., 2003; Thompson et al 1993 14C and tephra 7690 220 1 sigma 6071 7082 2 sigma 6800 (tephra) Red Rock Lake Red Rock Lake Terrestrial Pollen 40.082 -105.542 NA NA NA Maher 1972 NA TOC, pollen NA approx 4 data points No change Thompson et al 1993 14C 5300 105 1 sigma 5891 6300 2 sigma NA Pyramid Lake Pyramid Lake Lake Sediment 40.062 -119.562 NA NA NA Benson et al 2002 NA Early-Mid: 14C in bulk TOC; MS, d18O, d13C, TIC, TOC NA good resolution Drier Metcalfe et al 2015 14C 5880 50 1 sigma NA NA NA 6080 Bison Lake Bison Lake Lake Sediment 39.765339 -107.345709 NA NA NA Anderson 2012 NA Calcite d18O NA More monsoonal moisture, less snowfall, more sever aridity than past century Drier NA 14C and tephra NA NA NA NA NA NA 6400 Yellow Lake Yellow Lake Lake Sediment 39.651851 -107.345339 NA NA NA Anderson 2012 NA Calcite d18O NA NA Drier NA 14C and tephra 5725 30 1 sigma 6466 6558 1 sigma NA Valleyview Valleyview Packrat Middens 39.5 -114.716666666667 NA NA NA Thompson 1984 NA Pollen, macrofossils NA 2 MH middens Wetter Thompson et al 1993 14C 6250 150 1 sigma 6784 7434 2 sigma NA Hidden Cave Hidden Cave Terrestrial Sediment 39.41 -118.63 NA NA NA Wigand and Mehringer 1985 NA Sediment size, pollen, macrofossils NA can'tdetermine chronology - coprolites may be younger than thought inconclusive Thompson et al 1993 14C NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Smith Creek Cave Smith Creek Cave Packrat Middens 39.3333333333333 -114.1 NA NA NA Thompson 1984 NA Pollen, macrofossils NA Cannot determine there are MH dates Inconclusive Thompson et al 1993 14C 10120 265 1 sigma 11082 12629 2 sigma NA Council Hall Cave Council Hall Cave Packrat Middens 39.33 -114.1 NA NA NA Thompson 1984 NA Pollen, macrofossils NA 2 MH middens No Change NA 14C 4220 60 1 sigma 4568 4872 2 sigma NA Lake Tahoe Lake Tahoe Submerged Tree Stumps 39.097301 -120.024898 NA NA NA Lindstrom 1990 NA Submerged Tree Stumps NA NA Drier NA 14C 5510 90 1 sigma 6173 6492 2 sigma NA Clear Lake Clear Lake Lake Sediment 39.065 -122.84 NA NA NA Adam 1988 NA Pollen, diatoms, grain size NA multiple cores, ~4-5MH data points in each Drier Thompson et al 1993 14C 6930 90 1 sigma 7614 7937 2 sigma NA Gatecliff Shelter/June Canyon Gatecliff Shelter/June Canyon Packrat Middens 39.0166666666667 -116.75 NA NA NA Thompson and Hattori, 1983; Thompson 1990 NA Pollen, macrofossils NA at least 4 MH points Wetter Thompson et al 1993 14C 4790 170 1 sigma NA NA NA NA Lehman Cave Lehman Cave Speleothem 39.00555 -114.2203 NA NA NA Steponaitis et al 2015 NA O and C isotopes, trace metals NA at least 10 MH data points for trace elements Drier NA U-Th NA NA NA NA NA NA 5833 +/- 72 Sevier Lake Sevier Lake Lake Sediment 39 -113.13 NA NA NA Oviatt 1988 NA Macrofossils, stratigraphy NA Lake level, relatively low resolution. No change Thompson et al 1993 14C 5930 220 1 sigma 6304 7262 2 sigma NA Keystone Iron Bog/ Mt. Emmons sites Keystone Iron Bog/ Mt. Emmons sites Terrestrial Sediment 38.8666666666667 -107.033333333333 NA NA NA Fall 1988; Fall 1997 NA Pollen, macrofossils NA wetter summer, several MH points Wetter Thompson et al 1993 14C 6300 80 1 sigma 7144 7418 2 sigma NA Osgood Swamp Osgood Swamp Terrestrial Sediment 38.8333333333333 -120.083333333333 NA NA NA Adam 1967 NA Pollen NA record interpreted mainly as temperature and dating is unclear Inconclusive Thompson et al 1993 14C and Mazama Ash 6990 300 1 sigma 7311 8399 2 sigma NA Alkali Lake Alkali Lake Lake Sediment 38.75 -106.833333333333 NA NA NA Markgraf and Scott 1981; Fall 1997 NA Pollen NA wetter summer, about 2 MH points Wetter Thompson et al 1993 14C 3480 135 NA 3445 4093 2 sigma NA Kirman Lake Kirman Lake Lake Sediment 38.33 -119.5 NA NA NA MacDonald et al., 2016 NA LOI, CN, Diatoms NA higher res LOI, charcoal, lower res C:N and d13C Drier NA 14C 4220 40 1 sigma 4640 5054 2 sigma NA Carlins Cave Carlins Cave Packrat Middens 38.3 -115.033333333333 NA NA NA Thompson 1990 NA pollen NA NA inconclusive Thompson et al 1993 chronology not published NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Stella Lake Stella Lake Lake Sediment 38.181985 -119.578484 NA NA NA Reinemann et al 2009 NA LOI, Chironomid, Diatom NA at least 20 MH chironomid data points Inconclusive NA 14C 5970 40 1 sigma 6713 6902 2 sigma NA Mono Lake Mono Lake Lake Sediment 38.00706 -119.012268 NA NA NA Davis 1999b NA Pollen, grain size, charcoal NA approx 5 data points in interval No Change NA 14C and ash 7270 80 Crooked Meadows Ash 7942 8214 2 sigma 5993 (ash date) Glenmire Glenmire Lake Sediment 37.990261 -122.78 NA NA NA Anderson et al 2013 NA MS, charcoal, pollen NA about 5 MH points Drier NA 14C 5410 110 1 sigma 5981 6402 2 sigma NA Swamp Lake Yosemite Swamp Lake Yosemite Lake Sediment 37.95 -119.82 NA NA NA Smith and Anderson 1992; Street et al., 2012 NA Pollen, charcoal, macrofossils, TOC, C and N isotopes NA at least 10 MH data points for TOC Drier NA 14C and Mazama Ash 3871 46 1 sigma 4217 4417 2 sigma NA Tioga Pass Pond Tioga Pass Pond Terrestrial Sediment 37.9166666666667 -119.266666666667 NA NA NA Anderson 1990 NA Pollen, macrofossils NA approx 4 data points No Change Thompson et al 1993 14C 4060 160 1 sigma 4090 4961 2 sigma NA Siesta Lake Siesta Lake Lake Sediment 37.85 -119.66 NA NA NA Brunelle and Anderson 2003 NA Pollen, charcoal NA approx 3 MH pollen points but higher resolution charcoal record Drier NA 14C 4970 100 1 sigma 5579 5922 2 sigma NA Allen Canyon Allen Canyon Packrat Middens 37.78 -109.58 NA NA NA Betancourt and Davis, 1984 NA Pollen, macrofossils NA one MH midden Wetter NA 14C 7200 90 1 sigma NA NA NA NA Little Molas Lake Little Molas Lake Lake Sediment 37.74 -107.71 NA NA NA Shuman et al., 2015 NA Stratigraphy; quantitative P-ET reeconstruction NA NA Drier NA 14C 2955 20 1 sigma 3058 3181 2 sigma NA White Mountains White Mountains Packrat Middens 37.7 -118.33 NA NA NA Jennings and Elliot-Fisk 1993 NA Macrofossils, plant hydrogen isotopes NA 2 MH middens No change NA 14C 5640 70 1 sigma 6294 6567 2 sigma NA Etna Etna Packrat Middens 37.55 -114.616666666667 NA NA NA Madsen 1973 NA NA NA NA Inconclusive Thompson et al 1993 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Fishmouth Cave Fishmouth Cave Packrat Middens 37.4166666666667 -109.65 NA NA NA Betancourt 1984 NA Pollen, macrofossils NA low resolution - one midden Wetter Thompson et al 1993 14C 6100 100 1 sigma NA NA NA NA Eureka View Eureka View Packrat Middens 37.3333333333333 -117.783333333333 NA NA NA Spaulding 1990 NA Macrofossils NA NA No change Thompson et al 1993 14C 5435 220 1 sigma 5719 6678 2 sigma NA Balsam Meadows Balsam Meadows Terrestrial Sediment 37.1666666666667 -119.5 NA NA NA Davis et al 1985 NA Pollen, macrofossils, charcoal NA at least 4 MH points Drier Thompson et al 1993 14C 6160 140 1 sigma 6718 7331 2 sigma NA Exchequer Meadow Exchequer Meadow Terrestrial Sediment 37 -119.083333333333 NA NA NA Davis and Moratto 1988 NA Pollen, macrofossils NA low resolution No change Thompson et al 1993 14C 4540 90 1 sigma 4956 5334 2 sigma NA Desert View Desert View Packrat Middens 36.6333333333333 -115.033333333333 NA NA NA Spaulding 1981 NA Pollen NA single MH midden Wetter Thompson et al 1993 14C 5210 95 1 sigma 5744 6210 2 sigma NA Fracas Lake Fracas Lake Lake Sediment 36.630822 -112.239067 NA NA NA Weng and Jackson 1999 NA Charcoal, pollen, macrofossils NA good resolution Drier Metcalfe et al 2015 14C 5950 70 1 sigma 6635 6968 2 sigma NA Sheep Range Sheep Range Packrat Middens 36.58 -115.25 NA NA NA Spaulding 1980 NA Pollen NA wetter summer Wetter NA 14C 5210 95 1 sigma 5744 6210 2 sigma NA Las Vegas Valley Las Vegas Valley Lake Sediment 36.558 -115.513 NA NA NA Quade et al., 1998 NA Black Mat Identification NA Absence of black mats at multiple sites Drier NA 14C 6340 260 1 sigma 6633 7692 2 sigma NA Owens Lake Owens Lake Lake Sediment 36.435 -117.96 NA NA NA Bacon et al 2006 NA Lake deposits, stratigraphy NA NA Drier NA 14C 6910 60 1 sigma 7650 7861 2 sigma NA Bear Lake Bear Lake Lake Sediment 36.371125 -112.147079 NA NA NA Weng and Jackson 1999 NA Charcoal, pollen, macrofossils NA good resolution Drier Metcalfe et al 2015 14C 6590 60 1 sigma 7420 7580 2 sigma NA Tule Springs Tule Springs Terrestrial Sediment 36.3166666666667 -115.183333333333 NA NA NA Mehringer 1967 NA Pollen NA about 3 MH points No change Thompson et al 1993 14C 7480 120 1 sigma 8025 8515 2 sigma NA Grand Canyon Middens (Chuar Valley, Grandview Point) Grand Canyon Middens (Chuar Valley, Grandview Point) Packrat Middens 36.1666666666667 -111.916666666667 NA NA NA Cole 1981 NA Macrofossils NA 2 MH middens Drier Thompson et al 1993 14C 6830 175 1 sigma 7419 8008 2 sigma NA Atlatl Cave Atlatl Cave Packrat Middens 36.0333333333333 -107.9 NA NA NA Betancourt and Van Devender 1981 NA Pollen NA lower resolution No change Thompson et al 1993 14C 5550 110 NA 6174 6573 2 sigma NA Tulare Lake Tulare Lake Lake Sediment 36 -119.75 NA NA NA Davis 1999a NA Pollen, charcoal NA ~5 data points near 5-6 ka Drier NA 14C 6770 110 1 sigma 7439 7829 2 sigma NA McCullough Range McCullough Range Packrat Middens 35.75 -115.166666666667 NA NA NA Spaulding 1991 NA Macrofossils, species richness NA approx 4 data points? Drier Thompson et al 1993 14C 6800 110 1 sigma 7466 7857 2 sigma NA Stewart Bog Stewart Bog Terrestrial Sediment 35.6666666666667 -105.75 NA NA NA Jimenez-Moreno et al 2008 NA Pollen, MS NA good resolution Drier Metcalfe et al 2015 14C 5010 50 1 sigma 5644 5900 2 sigma NA Central Mojave Combined Central Mojave Combined Packrat Middens 35.4 -116.5 NA NA NA Koehler et al 2005 NA Macrofossils, Pollen NA wetter summer, several sites Wetter NA 14C 6950 80 1 sigma 7655 7945 2 sigma NA Silver Lake Silver Lake Lake Sediment 35.34 -116.11 NA NA NA Kirby et al 2015 NA MS, grain size, C:N, TN, TOC, LOI, ostracodes NA good resolution Drier Metcalfe et al 2015 14C 6080 40 1 sigma 6796 7027 2 sigma NA Estancia Basin Estancia Basin Lake Sediment 35.0666666666667 -106.616666666667 NA NA NA Menking and Anderson 2003; Allen and Anderson 2000 NA Stratigraphy, brine shrimp cysts NA less resolution Drier Metcalfe et al 2015 14C 6990 65 1 sigma 7688 7940 2 sigma NA Mojave Desert Mojave Desert Terrestrial Sediment 35 -117 NA NA NA Miller et al., 2010 NA Sediment aggradation NA lower resolution Drier Metcalfe et al 2015 OSL/TSL NA NA NA NA NA NA 5520 +/- 540 San Antonio Creek Section San Antonio Creek Section Terrestrial Sediment 34.776 -120.494 NA NA NA Anderson et al 2015 NA MS, charcoal, pollen NA MS is high res, pollen is low res with some gaps Drier NA 14C 5390 40 1 sigma 6172 6287 2 sigma NA Lucerne Valley Lucerne Valley Packrat Middens 34.5 -117 NA NA NA King 1976 NA Pollen, macrofossils NA low resolution No Change Thompson et al 1993 14C 4300 240 1 sigma 4240 5481 2 sigma NA Potato Lake Potato Lake Lake Sediment 34.462 -111.346 NA NA NA Anderson 1993 NA Pollen, macrofossils NA lake was frequently dry during MH - no real MH record Inconclusive NA 14C 3300 90 1 sigma 3446 3868 2 sigma NA Lower Bear Lake Lower Bear Lake Lake Sediment 34.256 -116.937 NA NA NA Kirby et al 2012 NA CN ratio, LOI, Gastropods/Ostracods, grain size NA good resolution Drier Metcalfe et al 2015 14C 5490 60 1 sigma 6182 6408 2 sigma NA Dry Lake Dry Lake Lake Sediment 34.12 -116.827 NA NA NA Bird and Kirby 2006; Bird et al., 2009 NA Charcoal, microfossil, grain size, MS, LOI; GPR NA good resolution Drier Metcalfe et al 2015 14C 5390 25 1 sigma 6178 6282 2 sigma NA Joshua Tree National Monument Joshua Tree National Monument Packrat Middens 34.0333333333333 -116.183333333333 NA NA NA Holmgren et al 2009 NA Pollen, macrofossils NA about 4 MH middens Wetter Metcalfe et al 2015 14C 5165 25 1 sigma 5897 5950 2 sigma NA Montezuma Well Montezuma Well Terrestrial Sediment 34 -112 NA NA NA Davis and Shafer 1992 NA Pollen NA at least 5 data points in MH Drier NA 14C 5540 60 1 sigma 6267 6447 2 sigma NA San Agustin Plain San Agustin Plain Lake Sediment 33.9666666666667 -108.566666666667 NA NA NA Markgraf et al 1984 NA Pollen, diatoms, macrofossils, ostracodes NA lower resolution Wetter Thompson et al., 1993;Metcalfe et al 2015 Paleomagnetic stratigraphy and 14C 8735 260 1 sigma 9196 10430 2 sigma NA Skunk Cabbage Meadow Skunk Cabbage Meadow Terrestrial Sediment 33.77 -116.65 NA NA NA Wahl 2002 NA Pollen, charcoal NA NA Inconclusive NA 14C 5220 40 NA 5922 6164 1 sigma 5971 Taquitz Meadow Taquitz Meadow Terrestrial Sediment 33.77 -116.65 NA NA NA Wahl 2002 NA Pollen, charcoal NA NA Inconclusive NA 14C 6030 95 NA 6751 6988 1 sigma 6881 Lake Elsinore Lake Elsinore Lake Sediment 33.659429 -117.351392 NA NA NA Kirby et al 2010 NA LOI, grain size NA good resolution Drier Metcalfe et al 2015 14C 5540 40 1 sigma 6285 6404 2 sigma NA Lake Cahuilla (Salton Basin) Lake Cahuilla (Salton Basin) Tufa Deposit 33.45 -116.05 NA NA NA Li et al 2008 NA d18O, d13C, Mg.Sr, Sr isotopes NA good resolution Wetter Metcalfe et al 2015 14C 5680 80 1 sigma 6307 6645 2 sigma NA Rhodes Canyon Rhodes Canyon Packrat Middens 32.8333333333333 -106.75 NA NA NA Van Devender and Toolin 1983 NA NA NA NA Inconclusive Thompson et al 1993 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Sacramento Mountains Sacramento Mountains Packrat Middens 32.83 -105.92 NA NA NA Van Devender et al 1984 NA Pollen NA wet summer/dry winter, one midden near 6 ka Wetter Thompson et al 1993 14C 5430 150 NA 5901 6544 2 sigma NA Wellton Hills Wellton Hills Packrat Middens 32.6 -114.116666666667 NA NA NA Van Devender 1973 NA Pollen, macrofossils, animal remains NA 1 midden near 6 ka No change Thompson et al 1993 14C 6630 260 1 sigma 6926 7962 2 sigma NA Wolcott Peak Wolcott Peak Packrat Middens 32.45 -111.466666666667 NA NA NA Van Devender 1973 NA Pollen, macrofossils, animal remains NA 2 middens near 6 ka No change Thompson et al 1993 14C 5350 100 1 sigma 5919 6305 2 sigma NA Waterman Mts Waterman Mts Packrat Middens 32.396 -111.5 NA NA NA Anderson and Van Devender 1991 NA Pollen, macrofossils NA wetter summer, 2 middens near 6 ka Wetter Thompson et al 1993 14C 5540 70 1 sigma 6208 6469 2 sigma NA Tinajas Altas Mountains Tinajas Altas Mountains Packrat Middens 32.28 -114.05 NA NA NA Hall et al 1988 NA Pollen, macrofossils, arthropods NA modern veg established in early Holocene No change NA 14C 5080 80 1 sigma 5646 5954 2 sigma NA Lake Cochise Lake Cochise Lake Sediment 32.167 -109.867 NA NA NA Waters 1989 NA Stratigraphy, pollen NA lower resolution Drier Thompson et al., 1993;Metcalfe et al 2015 14C 5690 40 1 sigma 6399 6568 2 sigma NA Pink Panther Cave Pink Panther Cave Speleothem 32.0833333333333 -105.166666666667 NA NA NA Asmerom et al 2007 NA d18O NA good resolution Wetter Metcalfe et al 2015 U-Th NA NA NA NA NA 2 sigma 6017 +/- 419 Hornaday Mts Hornaday Mts Packrat Middens 31.9833333333333 -113.6 NA NA NA Hall et al 1988; Van Devender et al., 1990 NA Pollen, macrofossils, arthropods NA One MH midden Wetter Thompson et al 1993 14C 4430 80 1 sigma 4862 5291 2 sigma NA Puerto Blanco Mountains Puerto Blanco Mountains Packrat Middens 31.9666666666667 -112.783333333333 NA NA NA Van Devender 1987 NA Pollen, macrofossils NA wetter summer, 5 MH middens Wetter NA 14C 5240 90 1 sigma 5881 6218 2 sigma NA Eagle Eye Mts Eagle Eye Mts Packrat Middens 31.8833333333333 -113.166666666667 NA NA NA McAuliffe and Van Devender 1998 NA Pollen, plant macrofossils NA wet summer, 3 MH middens Wetter Metcalfe et al 2015 14C 5130 65 1 sigma 5710 6002 2 sigma NA Murray Springs Murray Springs Terrestrial Sediment 31.5666666666667 -110.183333333333 NA NA NA Mehringer et al 1967 NA Stratigraphy, pollen NA 3 MH data points Wetter Metcalfe et al 2015 14C 5280 350 1 sigma 5266 6941 2 sigma NA Lake Cloverdale Lake Cloverdale Lake Sediment 31.5 -108.833333333333 NA NA NA Krider 1998 NA Stratigraphy NA no lake highstands Drier Metcalfe et al 2015 14C 5280 70 1 sigma 5917 6212 2 sigma NA Cave of the Bells Cave of the Bells Speleothem 31.4333333333333 -110.466666666667 NA NA NA Wagner 2006 NA d18O, d14C, trace metals NA wet summer, good resolution Wetter Metcalfe et al 2015 U-Th NA NA NA NA NA NA 6209 +/- 77 Peloncillo Mts Peloncillo Mts Packrat Middens 31.312 -108.94 NA NA NA Holmgren et al 2006 NA Pollen, plant macrofossils NA wet summer, 2 MH middens Wetter Metcalfe et al 2015 14C 4990 45 1 sigma 5608 5770 2 sigma NA Palomas Basin Palomas Basin Lake Sediment 31.1666666666667 -107.416666666667 NA NA NA Castiglia and Fawcett 2006 NA Lake deposits NA dated shorelines Wetter Metcalfe et al 2015 14C 6721 68 1 sigma 7469 7681 2 sigma NA Sierra San Pedro Martir Sierra San Pedro Martir Packrat Middens 31.142 -115.428 NA NA NA Holmgren et al 2011 NA Pollen, macrofossils NA 7 MH middens No Change Metcalfe et al 2015 14C 5290 45 1 sigma 5981 6189 2 sigma NA Laguna Seca San Felipe Laguna Seca San Felipe Lake Sediment 31.1333333333333 -115.25 NA NA NA Roy et al 2010 NA XRD, XRF, LOI, diatoms NA about 4 MH points Drier Metcalfe et al 2015 14C 6850 50 1 sigma 7593 7788 2 sigma NA Sierra Bacha Sierra Bacha Packrat Middens 29.83 -112.5 NA NA NA Anderson and Van Devender 1995 NA Pollen, macrofossils NA 1 MH midden Inconclusive NA 14C 5340 220 1 sigma 5640 6563 2 sigma NA Laguna Babicora Laguna Babicora Lake Sediment 29.35 -107.819 NA NA NA Roy et al 2013; Metcalfe et al., 2002 NA CN, XRF, MS, diatoms, ostracodes NA less resolution, MH dessication of lake Drier Metcalfe et al 2015 14C 3610 40 1 sigma 3830 3999 2 sigma NA Sierra Madre Occidental Sierra Madre Occidental Terrestrial Sediment 28.4166666666667 -108.566666666667 NA NA NA Ortega-Rosas et al 2008 NA Pollen, charcoal NA wet summer, good resolution Wetter Metcalfe et al 2015 14C 5660 40 1 sigma 6386 6539 2 sigma NA