Data for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Working Group I Fourth Assessment Report, Chapter 6 Palaeoclimate, Figure 6.1 Top, Atmospheric CO2 400 Ma to Present ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE ORIGINAL REFERENCE WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Data for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Working Group I Fourth Assessment Report, Chapter 6 Palaeoclimate, Figure 6.1 Top, Atmospheric CO2 400 Ma to Present LAST UPDATE: 10/2008 (Original receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTOR: Dana L. Royer, Wesleyan University IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2008-100 WDC PALEO CONTRIBUTION SERIES CITATION: Royer, D.L. 2008. IPCC AR4 WG1 Figure 6.1 Top Atmospheric CO2 400 Ma to Present. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2008-100. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCES: Jansen, E., J. Overpeck, K.R. Briffa, J.-C. Duplessy, F. Joos, V. Masson-Delmotte, D. Olago, B. Otto-Bliesner, W.R. Peltier, S. Rahmstorf, R. Ramesh, D. Raynaud, D. Rind, O. Solomina, R. Villalba and D. Zhang, 2007: Palaeoclimate. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Royer, D.L. 2006. CO2-forced climate thresholds during the Phanerozoic. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 70, pp. 5665-5675. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2005.11.031 ABSTRACT (Royer 2006): The correspondence between atmospheric CO2 concentrations and globally averaged surface temperatures in the recent past suggests that this coupling may be of great antiquity. Here, I compare 490 published proxy records of CO2 spanning the Ordovician to Neogene with records of global cool events to evaluate the strength of CO2-temperature coupling over the Phanerozoic (last 542 my). For periods with sufficient CO2 coverage, all cool events are associated with CO2 levels below 1000 ppm. A CO2 threshold of below ~500 ppm is suggested for the initiation of widespread, continental glaciations, although this threshold was likely higher during the Paleozoic due to a lower solar luminosity at that time. Also, based on data from the Jurassic and Cretaceous, a CO2 threshold of below ~1000 ppm is proposed for the initiation of cool non-glacial conditions. A pervasive, tight correlation between CO2 and temperature is found both at coarse (10 my timescales) and fine resolutions up to the temporal limits of the data set (million-year timescales), indicating that CO2, operating in combination with many other factors such as solar luminosity and paleogeography, has imparted strong control over global temperatures for much of the Phanerozoic. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Global PERIOD OF RECORD: 400 Million Years BP - present FUNDING SOURCE: DESCRIPTION: Compilation of published proxy records of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration over the last 400 million years. Notes 1. Ekart et al. (1999) data: original sources used when possible; some data from the Permo-Carboniferous have been supplanted by data from Tabor et al. (2004) and Montañez & Tabor (unpublished data). 2. Retallack (2001) and Beerling et al. (2002) data: only used data associated with >4 cuticle fragments (see Royer [2003] for details). 3. Demicco et al. (2003) data: supplants the estimates of Pearson and Palmer (2000). 4. Many individual CO2 estimates are based on multiple measurements of the same material. Consult original literature for details. 5. All dates are calibrated to the timescale of Gradstein et al. (2004). SOURCE REFERENCE LIST: Andrews, J.E., Tandon, S.K., and Dennis, P.F. 1995. Concentration of carbon dioxide in the Late Cretaceous atmosphere. Journal of the Geological Society, London, v. 152, p. 1-3. Beerling, D.J. 2002. Low atmospheric CO2 levels during the Permo-Carboniferous glaciation inferred from fossil lycopsids. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, v. 99, p. 12567-12571. Beerling, D.J., Lomax, B.H., Royer, D.L., Upchurch, G.R., and Kump, L.R.. 2002. An atmospheric pCO2 reconstruction across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary from leaf megafossils. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, v. 99, p. 7836-7840. Beerling, D.J., and Royer, D.L.. 2002. 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Atmospheric CO2 from PEDOGENIC CARBONATES 5-point running mean Reference Time(Ma) CO2(ppm) Time(Ma) CO2(ppm) Ekart et al., 1999 3 1170 Cerling, 1992 4 300 Yapp & Poths, 1996 5 350 4.5 672 Ekart et al., 1999 5 810 5.3 512 Ekart et al., 1999 6 730 6.2 552 Ekart et al., 1999 7 370 7.0 584 Cerling, 1992 8 500 8.0 646 Ekart et al., 1999 9 510 8.8 734 Ekart et al., 1999 10 1120 10.0 808 Ekart et al., 1999 10 1170 11.0 796 Ekart et al., 1999 13 740 12.0 794 Ekart et al., 1999 13 440 12.8 570 Cerling, 1992 14 500 15.0 492 Ekart et al., 1999 14 0 17.4 638 Ekart et al., 1999 21 780 23.8 940 Ekart et al., 1999 25 1470 31.4 1380 Ekart et al., 1999 45 1950 39.2 1440 Yapp, 2004 52 2700 45.7 1691 Cerling, 1992 53 300 51.5 1512 Royer et al., 2001 53 2034 53.6 1353 Royer et al., 2001 54 577 54.3 853 Royer et al., 2001 55 1152 54.8 893 Koch et al., 1992 56 200 55.2 729 Sinha & Stott, 1994 56 500 55.6 903 Royer et al., 2001 56 1217 55.7 713 Royer et al., 2001 56 1448 55.8 773 Koch et al., 1992 56 200 56.0 1081 Sinha & Stott, 1994 56 500 56.3 1075 Royer et al., 2001 57 2041 57.9 892 Royer et al., 2001 57 1185 59.6 950 Nordt et al., 2003 64.2 534 61.2 1050 Nordt et al., 2003 64.2 488 62.8 694 Nordt et al., 2002 64.3 1000 64.3 524 Nordt et al., 2003 64.4 264 64.4 587 Nordt et al., 2003 64.6 334 64.6 596 Nordt et al., 2002 64.8 850 64.7 428 Nordt et al., 2003 64.8 533 64.8 375 Nordt et al., 2003 64.9 161 64.9 419 Ekart et al., 1999 65 0 65.0 415 Nordt et al., 2003 65.1 549 65.1 363 Nordt et al., 2003 65.2 832 65.3 480 Nordt et al., 2003 65.4 271 65.4 480 Nordt et al., 2002 65.5 750 65.4 396 Nordt et al., 2003 65.5 0 65.5 239 Nordt et al., 2003 65.5 127 65.5 342 Nordt et al., 2003 65.6 45 65.6 464 Nordt et al., 2003 65.6 790 65.7 720 Nordt et al., 2003 65.7 1358 65.7 853 Nordt et al., 2003 65.9 1277 65.8 976 Nordt et al., 2003 65.9 796 65.9 982 Nordt et al., 2003 66.0 657 66.0 990 Ekart et al., 1999 66 820 66.0 812 Nordt et al., 2002 66.0 1400 66.2 738 Nordt et al., 2003 66.0 385 66.4 733 Ekart et al., 1999 67 430 66.6 719 Ekart et al., 1999 67 630 66.9 445 Nordt et al., 2002 67.0 750 67.2 471 Nordt et al., 2003 67.5 31 67.4 451 Nordt et al., 2003 67.7 512 67.6 420 Nordt et al., 2003 67.8 329 67.8 330 Nordt et al., 2003 68.0 475 67.9 619 Andrews et al., 1995 68 300 68.0 600 Ghosh et al., 2005 (and 1995, 2001) 68 1480 68.1 655 Nordt et al., 2003 68.1 415 68.2 647 Nordt et al., 2003 68.3 607 68.3 794 Nordt et al., 2003 68.4 435 68.4 620 Nordt et al., 2003 68.5 1034 68.5 723 Nordt et al., 2003 68.7 611 68.7 827 Nordt et al., 2003 68.9 927 68.8 937 Nordt et al., 2003 69.0 1126 69.0 803 Nordt et al., 2003 69.1 986 69.1 704 Nordt et al., 2003 69.2 365 69.2 594 Nordt et al., 2003 69.3 115 69.5 521 Nordt et al., 2003 69.5 378 69.8 497 Nordt et al., 2003 70.4 763 70.0 601 Nordt et al., 2003 70.5 868 71.2 1168 Nordt et al., 2003 70.6 883 72.7 1333 Ekart et al., 1999 75 2950 74.6 1432 Nordt et al., 2002 77.0 1200 77.0 1539 Ekart et al., 1999 80 1260 84.1 1812 Yapp & Poths, 1996 83 1400 91.5 1712 Cerling, 1992 106 2250 99.1 1924 Lee & Hisada, 1999 112 2450 106.1 2214 Ekart et al., 1999 115 2260 112.6 2472 Ekart et al., 1999 115 2710 115.5 2318 Ekart et al., 1999 115 2690 118.8 1940 Ekart et al., 1999 120 1480 122.4 1948 Robinson et al., 2002 129 560 128.0 1826 Lee, 1999 133 2300 135.7 1924 Platt, 1989 143 2100 144.3 1698 Ekart et al., 1999 153 3180 151.0 1656 Yapp & Poths, 1996 163 350 158.9 1641 Yapp & Poths, 1996 163 350 165.1 2481 Ghosh et al., 2005 (and 1995, 2001) 173 2225 169.1 2229 Yapp & Poths, 1996 174 6300 174.1 3419 Ekart et al., 1999 174 1920 179.6 4261 Yapp & Poths, 1996 188 6300 184.7 4418 Ekart et al., 1999 191 4560 189.6 3654 Suchecky et al., 1988 198 3010 196.6 3902 Tanner et al., 2001 198 2480 200.7 3142 Suchecky et al., 1988 208 3160 205.7 2560 Cerling, 1991 208 2500 209.3 2324 Ekart et al., 1999 216 1650 212.8 2278 Ekart et al., 1999 216 1830 214.3 2546 Tanner et al., 2001 216 2250 217.1 2616 Suchecky et al., 1988 216 4500 218.4 2520 Ekart et al., 1999 222 2850 222.6 2396 Ghosh et al., 2005 (and 1995, 2001) 222 1170 227.6 2088 Ghosh et al., 2005 (and 1995, 2001) 237 1210 232.6 1310 Ekart et al., 1999 241 710 240.2 940 Ekart et al., 1999 241 610 249.7 766 Ekart et al., 1999 260 1000 259.0 584 Tabor et al., 2004 270 300 267.8 477 Tabor et al., 2004 283 300 276.6 498 Mora et al., 1996 285 175 283.4 298 Ghosh et al., 2005 (and 1995, 2001) 285 715 289.9 363 Ekart et al., 1999 294 0 293.9 597 Mora et al., 1996 303 625 297.5 866 Ekart et al., 1999 303 1470 304.9 868 Ekart et al., 1999 303 1520 310.6 973 Mora et al., 1996 322 725 314.5 1008 Mora et al., 1996 322 525 321.1 809 Mora et al., 1996 322 800 329.0 917 Mora et al., 1996 336 475 333.1 1034 Ekart et al., 1999 343 2060 341.6 1127 Muchez et al., 1993 343 1310 350.5 1037 Mora et al., 1996 365 988 356.7 1242 Yapp & Poths, 1996 367 350 361.8 1400 Mora et al., 1996 367 1500 367.3 1768 Driese et al., 2000 368 2850 370.4 2130 Driese et al., 2000 370 3150 374.7 2840 Cox et al., 2001 380 2800 379.6 2852 Cox et al., 2001 389 3900 386.4 2942 Ekart et al., 1999 391 1560 395.9 3032 Driese et al., 2000 402 3300 403.6 3312 Driese et al., 2000 417 3600 415.3 3652 Mora et al., 1996 419 4200 Yapp & Poths, 1996 447 5600 2. Atmospheric CO2 from PHYTOPLANKTON 5-point running mean Reference Time(Ma) CO2(ppm) Time(Ma) CO2(ppm) Freeman & Hayes, 1992 1 430 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 5.4 261 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 5.8 239 4.9 286 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 6.1 249 6.1 256 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 6.4 252 6.4 252 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 6.8 278 6.8 257 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 7.2 242 7.1 253 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 7.3 264 7.4 271 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 7.6 230 7.7 263 Freeman & Hayes, 1992 8 340 8.0 264 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 8.3 237 8.3 256 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 8.7 247 8.6 264 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 9.1 227 8.9 247 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 9.1 268 9.2 253 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 9.6 258 9.4 250 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 9.6 263 9.5 246 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 9.6 234 9.6 241 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 9.6 205 9.7 237 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 9.8 247 9.8 233 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 9.9 235 9.9 237 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 10.1 245 10.0 245 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 10.2 255 10.1 244 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 10.2 244 10.3 248 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 10.3 243 10.4 243 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 10.5 251 10.5 241 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 10.6 223 10.6 238 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 10.7 246 10.7 237 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 10.9 228 10.8 289 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 10.9 238 10.9 288 Freeman & Hayes, 1992 11 510 11.1 286 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 11.1 220 11.2 282 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 11.3 232 11.3 275 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 11.4 211 11.4 218 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 11.5 204 11.5 223 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 11.6 225 11.7 219 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 11.9 245 11.8 218 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 12.1 213 12.0 218 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 12.2 202 12.1 216 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 12.2 208 12.3 211 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 12.3 213 12.4 210 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 12.5 218 12.5 210 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 12.7 210 12.6 213 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 12.7 203 12.7 213 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 12.8 224 12.8 215 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 12.9 211 12.9 257 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 12.9 228 12.9 258 Freeman & Hayes, 1992 13 420 13.0 258 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 13.1 205 13.1 262 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 13.2 225 13.2 262 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 13.3 230 13.2 222 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 13.3 229 13.3 225 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 13.4 220 13.4 225 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 13.4 223 13.4 220 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 13.5 223 13.5 212 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 13.5 203 13.5 210 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 13.6 189 13.7 212 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 13.7 213 13.8 211 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 14.1 231 14.0 211 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 14.2 220 14.3 221 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 14.5 205 14.5 224 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 14.9 236 14.7 222 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 15.0 229 14.9 221 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 15.1 220 15.1 217 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 15.1 215 15.1 210 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 15.2 187 15.2 205 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 15.3 199 15.3 202 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 15.4 202 15.5 201 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 15.5 205 15.7 199 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 16.1 213 15.9 195 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 16.2 176 16.1 202 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 16.3 179 16.3 201 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 16.3 238 16.4 203 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 16.4 201 16.5 213 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 16.6 220 16.7 223 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 16.8 227 16.9 216 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 17.3 232 17.0 216 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 17.3 202 17.2 215 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 17.3 200 17.3 212 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 17.4 216 17.4 210 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 17.4 210 17.4 216 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 17.5 223 17.5 220 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 17.5 231 17.5 219 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 17.6 222 17.5 219 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 17.6 211 17.6 217 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 17.6 207 17.6 213 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 17.7 213 17.7 211 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 17.7 212 17.7 215 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 17.8 215 17.8 216 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 17.8 227 17.8 213 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 17.8 214 17.8 213 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 17.8 197 17.8 213 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 17.9 211 17.9 213 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 17.9 215 18.0 221 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 18.1 228 18.1 224 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 18.3 252 18.2 225 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 18.3 215 18.3 225 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 18.4 216 18.4 226 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 18.5 215 18.5 219 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 18.6 232 18.6 220 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 18.6 216 18.7 222 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 18.7 219 18.8 223 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 19.1 230 18.9 223 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 19.2 218 19.0 224 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 19.2 230 19.2 222 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 19.2 224 19.3 217 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 19.4 209 19.4 224 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 19.5 206 19.6 236 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 19.7 250 19.7 241 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 20.0 294 19.8 292 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 20.0 248 20.0 292 Freeman & Hayes, 1992 20 460 20.1 311 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 20.2 208 20.2 313 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 20.3 343 20.3 318 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 20.4 308 20.4 268 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 20.5 272 20.5 267 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 20.5 208 20.6 259 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 20.8 205 20.7 238 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 20.8 301 20.7 239 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 20.8 202 20.8 245 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 20.8 278 20.9 256 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 20.9 240 21.0 257 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 21.1 261 21.3 267 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 21.5 305 21.8 253 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 22.2 250 22.3 254 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 23.3 211 22.9 253 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 23.5 243 23.3 240 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 23.8 257 23.7 248 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 23.9 242 23.8 260 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 23.9 287 23.9 263 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 23.9 271 24.1 260 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 24.2 256 24.2 257 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 24.4 246 24.3 249 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 24.5 222 24.5 273 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 24.6 248 24.6 315 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 24.7 392 24.6 416 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 24.7 466 24.7 437 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 24.7 749 24.8 456 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 24.9 331 24.9 436 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 25.0 343 25.0 464 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 25.0 294 25.1 384 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 25.1 602 25.1 390 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 25.2 351 25.3 405 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 25.3 359 25.6 430 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 26.1 420 25.8 387 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 26.1 419 26.0 390 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 26.1 386 26.4 435 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 26.6 367 26.7 458 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 27.1 582 27.2 461 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 27.4 535 27.7 460 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 28.6 434 28.2 488 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 28.7 383 28.6 435 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 28.9 504 29.2 420 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 29.5 321 29.5 406 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 30.0 457 29.7 436 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 30.1 367 30.0 449 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 30.2 529 30.2 477 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 30.2 570 30.3 494 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 30.3 463 30.7 652 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 30.6 543 31.2 720 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 32.2 1158 31.8 871 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 32.9 864 32.3 944 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 33.0 1326 32.8 998 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 33.0 832 33.0 1013 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 33.0 809 33.2 1058 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 33.1 1232 33.5 973 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 34.1 1093 33.9 987 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 34.4 901 34.3 967 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 34.8 902 34.8 878 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 35.2 709 35.4 924 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 35.5 786 36.1 937 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 37.0 1321 36.7 910 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 37.8 968 37.6 968 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 38.0 768 38.5 1106 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 39.7 996 39.1 976 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 39.9 1480 39.7 991 Freeman & Hayes, 1992 40 670 40.9 1073 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 41.1 1041 44.1 973 Pagani et al., 2005 (and 1999a, 1999b) 44.0 1176 47.3 797 Stott, 1992 56 500 57.5 835 Stott, 1992 56 600 68.1 828 Freeman & Hayes, 1992 91 860 86.1 810 Freeman & Hayes, 1992 94 1005 105.8 905 Freeman & Hayes, 1992 134 1085 Freeman & Hayes, 1992 154 975 3. Atmospheric CO2 from STOMATA 5-point running mean Reference Time(Ma) CO2(ppm) Time(Ma) CO2(ppm) Van der Burgh et al., 1993 & Kürschner et al., 1996 2.0 358 Van der Burgh et al., 1993 & Kürschner et al., 1996 2.7 276 Van der Burgh et al., 1993 & Kürschner et al., 1996 3.4 358 3.3 324.7 Van der Burgh et al., 1993 & Kürschner et al., 1996 4.0 363 4.0 324.7 Van der Burgh et al., 1993 & Kürschner et al., 1996 4.6 270 4.9 323.5 Van der Burgh et al., 1993 & Kürschner et al., 1996 5.1 358 5.9 322.0 Van der Burgh et al., 1993 & Kürschner et al., 1996 7.2 270 7.2 323.5 Van der Burgh et al., 1993 & Kürschner et al., 1996 8.5 350 9.3 331.5 Van der Burgh et al., 1993 & Kürschner et al., 1996 10.5 370 11.3 323.2 Royer et al., 2001 15.2 310 12.9 332.4 Royer et al., 2001 15.3 316 14.5 341.6 Royer et al., 2001 15.3 316 19.2 371.8 Royer et al., 2001 16.5 396 23.2 493.8 Retallack, 2001 34.0 521 28.7 554.3 Retallack, 2001 35.0 920 34.3 558.5 McElwain, 1998 42.9 619 39.9 576.9 Greenwood et al., 2003 42.9 337 43.1 871.5 Kürschner et al., 2001 44.5 488 46.5 757.3 Retallack, 2001 50.0 1994 48.7 702.0 Greenwood et al., 2003 52.2 349 51.0 699.2 Royer et al., 2001 54.0 342 52.9 675.6 Royer et al., 2001 54.1 323 53.8 345.8 Royer, 2003 54.1 370 54.4 348.0 Royer et al., 2001 54.5 345 54.8 354.2 Royer et al., 2001 55.4 360 55.1 454.8 Royer et al., 2001 55.7 373 55.5 440.4 Royer et al., 2001 55.8 826 55.7 432.0 Royer et al., 2001 55.9 298 55.9 420.0 Royer et al., 2001 55.9 303 55.9 423.4 Royer et al., 2001 55.9 300 55.9 318.0 Royer et al., 2001 55.9 390 56.0 319.6 Royer et al., 2001 56.0 299 56.1 320.8 Royer et al., 2001 56.2 306 56.2 324.2 Royer et al., 2001 56.3 309 56.3 307.6 Royer et al., 2001 56.4 317 56.4 310.6 Royer et al., 2001 56.5 307 56.5 311.8 Royer et al., 2001 56.5 314 56.6 322.6 Royer et al., 2001 56.5 312 56.9 329.8 Royer et al., 2001 57.0 363 57.4 358.6 Royer et al., 2001 57.9 353 57.9 377.6 Royer et al., 2001 59.1 451 58.9 377.8 Royer et al., 2001 59.1 409 60.3 608.9 Royer, 2003 61.5 313 61.6 606.5 Retallack, 2001 64.0 1519 62.7 582.1 Beerling et al., 2002 64.5 341 63.9 569.1 Beerling et al., 2002 64.6 329 64.6 574.3 Beerling et al., 2002 65.0 344 65.0 347.6 Beerling et al., 2002 65.0 339 72.3 421.4 Beerling et al., 2002 66.0 385 81.0 497.6 Haworth et al., 2005 101.0 710 90.7 568.8 Haworth et al., 2005 108.0 710 101.1 640.0 Haworth et al., 2005 113.5 700 112.5 689.0 Haworth et al., 2005 117.0 695 117.5 673.0 Haworth et al., 2005 123.0 630 121.4 801.1 Haworth et al., 2005 126.0 630 124.5 771.1 Retallack, 2001 127.5 1350 127.3 756.1 Haworth et al., 2005 129.0 550 129.7 760.1 Haworth et al., 2005 131.0 620 131.5 827.1 Haworth et al., 2005 135.0 650 133.0 915.9 Beerling & Royer, 2002 135.1 965 135.8 1441.5 Retallack, 2001 135.1 1794 139.7 1489.4 Retallack, 2001 142.9 3178 146.4 1494.8 Retallack, 2001 150.6 859 153.1 1421.2 McElwain, 1998 168.4 677 160.4 1314.9 Beerling & Royer, 2002 168.4 597 168.3 889.2 Beerling & Royer, 2002 171.7 1263 174.7 1027.4 McElwain et al., 2005 182.5 1050 177.6 1002.0 McElwain et al., 2005 182.6 1550 180.5 1072.6 McElwain et al., 2005 182.7 550 182.7 1010.0 McElwain et al., 2005 182.8 950 182.8 920.0 McElwain et al., 2005 182.9 950 183.8 708.0 McElwain et al., 2005 183.0 600 186.7 778.0 Beerling & Royer, 2002 187.6 490 189.9 1038.0 McElwain et al., 1999 197.0 900 193.3 1058.0 McElwain et al., 1999 199.0 2250 197.3 1176.9 McElwain et al., 1999 200.0 1050 200.4 1477.7 Retallack, 2001 203.0 1194 204.0 1807.1 Retallack, 2001 203.0 1994 208.4 1581.3 Retallack, 2001 215.0 2547 213.0 1641.4 Retallack, 2001 221.0 1121 217.6 1612.7 Retallack, 2001 223.0 1350 222.4 1397.9 Retallack, 2001 226.0 1051 224.8 1175.1 Retallack, 2001 227.0 920 226.2 1370.5 Retallack, 2001 227.0 1433 227.2 1404.2 Retallack, 2001 228.0 2098 227.6 1343.4 Retallack, 2001 228.0 1519 227.8 1256.4 Retallack, 2001 228.0 747 228.0 1527.8 Retallack, 2001 228.0 485 228.9 1448.0 Retallack, 2001 228.0 2790 232.7 1807.1 Retallack, 2001 232.5 1699 236.9 2320.5 Retallack, 2001 247.0 3314 242.5 2686.8 Retallack, 2001 249.0 3314 248.9 2432.4 Retallack, 2001 256.0 2317 254.4 2451.4 Retallack, 2001 260.0 1519 257.2 1972.7 Retallack, 2001 260.0 1794 259.8 1596.5 Retallack, 2001 261.0 920 261.2 1454.7 Retallack, 2001 262.0 1433 262.0 1335.0 Retallack, 2001 263.0 1607 263.0 1395.7 Retallack, 2001 264.0 920 264.2 1280.3 Retallack, 2001 265.0 2098 265.2 1047.0 Beerling, 2002 267.0 343 266.2 783.5 Beerling, 2002 267.0 266 267.4 664.7 Beerling, 2002 268.0 290 268.6 313.4 Beerling, 2002 270.0 326 274.6 335.3 Beerling, 2002 271.0 342 280.6 342.1 Retallack, 2001 296.8 452 289.1 353.7 McElwain, 1998 297.1 300 297.2 358.7 Beerling, 2002 310.5 348 305.1 357.5 Beerling, 2002 310.5 351 307.8 328.6 Beerling, 2002 310.5 336 310.5 338.6 Beerling, 2002 310.5 308 310.5 342.2 Beerling, 2002 310.5 350 310.5 345.6 Beerling, 2002 310.5 366 310.5 350.0 Beerling, 2002 310.5 368 310.5 349.0 Beerling, 2002 310.5 358 310.5 352.4 Beerling, 2002 310.5 303 310.5 349.2 Beerling, 2002 310.5 367 310.5 355.8 Beerling, 2002 310.5 350 310.5 341.6 Beerling, 2002 310.5 401 310.5 343.2 Beerling, 2002 310.5 287 310.5 326.6 Beerling, 2002 310.5 311 310.5 321.6 Beerling, 2002 310.5 284 310.9 290.7 Beerling, 2002 310.5 325 312.8 310.3 McElwain, 1998 312.5 247 314.8 326.5 Beerling, 2002 320.2 385 316.7 341.5 Beerling, 2002 320.2 392 335.1 672.5 Beerling, 2002 320.2 359 354.4 1190.4 McElwain, 1998 402.3 1980 Roth et al., 2003 (modified technique) 409.1 2836 4. Atmospheric CO2 from BORON 5-point running mean Reference Time(Ma) CO2(ppm) Time(Ma) CO2(ppm) Demicco et al., 2003 0.1 317 Demicco et al., 2003 1.0 286 Demicco et al., 2003 1.5 271 1.8 256 Demicco et al., 2003 3.0 184 2.5 242 Demicco et al., 2003 3.3 220 3.5 232 Demicco et al., 2003 3.9 251 4.5 231 Demicco et al., 2003 6.0 234 5.7 230 Demicco et al., 2003 6.2 268 7.1 225 Demicco et al., 2003 9.0 179 8.6 211 Demicco et al., 2003 10.4 193 9.8 206 Demicco et al., 2003 11.4 182 11.1 186 Demicco et al., 2003 11.8 208 12.3 171 Demicco et al., 2003 13.1 170 13.2 157 Demicco et al., 2003 14.7 101 14.2 164 Demicco et al., 2003 15.0 126 15.1 158 Demicco et al., 2003 16.2 216 16.2 156 Demicco et al., 2003 16.7 179 17.2 168 Demicco et al., 2003 18.4 160 18.6 174 Demicco et al., 2003 19.9 157 19.9 173 Demicco et al., 2003 21.7 158 21.3 196 Demicco et al., 2003 23.0 210 25.6 215 Demicco et al., 2003 23.5 297 30.2 198 Demicco et al., 2003 40.1 253 34.7 191 Demicco et al., 2003 42.5 71 39.2 199 Demicco et al., 2003 44.3 122 43.7 297 Demicco et al., 2003 45.7 250 45.1 266 Demicco et al., 2003 46.1 788 46.7 289 Demicco et al., 2003 47.0 98 48.0 291 Demicco et al., 2003 50.3 189 49.3 498 Demicco et al., 2003 51.0 130 50.8 442 Demicco et al., 2003 52.2 1285 52.5 610 Demicco et al., 2003 53.2 506 53.9 713 Demicco et al., 2003 55.8 939 55.7 924 Demicco et al., 2003 57.1 703 Demicco et al., 2003 59.9 1189