# North American Hydroclimate Synthesis (NAHS) from multi-proxy hydroclimate records over the Common Era #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # NOTE: Please cite original publication, online resource and date accessed when using this data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigator, title, online resource and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/24910 # Description: NOAA Landing Page # Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/reconstructions/rodysill2018/rodysill2018-RecordsUsed_Metadata.txt # Description: NOAA location of the Data sources metadata template # Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/reconstructions/rodysill2018/rodysill2018-data.txt # Description: NOAA location of the associated Proxy Data Table file # # Archive: Climate Reconstructions # # Dataset_DOI: # # Parameter_Keywords: precipitation #--------------------------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2018-08-17 #--------------------------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2018-08-17 #--------------------------------------- # Title # Study_Name: North American Hydroclimate Synthesis (NAHS) from multi-proxy hydroclimate records over the Common Era #--------------------------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Rodysill, Jessica R.; Anderson, Lesleigh; Cronin, Thomas M.; Jones, Miriam C.; Thompson, Robert S.; Wahl, David B.; Willard, Debra A.; Addison, Jason A.; Alder, Jay R.; Anderson, Katherine H.; Anderson, Lysanna; Barron, John A.; Bernhardt, Christopher E.; Hostetler, Steven W.; Kehrwald, Natalie M.; Khan, Nicole S.; Richey, Julie N.; Starratt, Scott W.; Strickland, Laura E.; Toomey, Michael R.; Treat, Claire C.; Wingard, G. Lynn #--------------------------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: North American multi-proxy hydroclimate records are synthesized with new chronologies. Hydroclimate reconstructions document clear regional trends during the Common Era. Regionally asynchronous spatial variability occurred at centennial timescales. Widespread North American drought coincided with warm N. Hemisphere temperatures. Wet and dry climates occurred during both warm and cool climates. # Provided Keywords: precipitation, ground water, lake level, salinity, vegetation, lake salinity #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Rodysill, Jessica R.; Anderson, Lesleigh; Cronin, Thomas M.; Jones, Miriam C.; Thompson, Robert S.; Wahl, David B.; Willard, Debra A.; Addison, Jason A.; Alder, Jay R.; Anderson, Katherine H.; Anderson, Lysanna; Barron, John A.; Bernhardt, Christopher E.; Hostetler, Steven W.; Kehrwald, Natalie M.; Khan, Nicole S.; Richey, Julie N.; Starratt, Scott W.; Strickland, Laura E.; Toomey, Michael R.; Treat, Claire C.; Wingard, G. Lynn # Published_Date_or_Year: 2018 # Published_Title: A North American Hydroclimate Synthesis (NAHS) of the Common Era # Journal_Name: Global and Planetary Change # Volume: 162 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 175-198 # Report Number: # DOI: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.12.025 # Online_Resource: www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921818117304174 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: This study presents a synthesis of century-scale hydroclimate variations in North America for the Common Era (last 2000 years) using new age models of previously published multiple proxy-based paleoclimate data. This North American Hydroclimate Synthesis (NAHS) examines regional hydroclimate patterns and related environmental indicators, including vegetation, lake water elevation, stream flow and runoff, cave drip rates, biological productivity, assemblages of living organisms, and salinity. Centennial-scale hydroclimate anomalies are obtained by iteratively sampling the proxy data on each of thousands of age model realizations and determining the fractions of possible time series indicating that the century-smoothed data was anomalously wet or dry relative to the 100 BCE to 1900 CE mean. Results suggest regionally asynchronous wet and dry periods over multidecadal to centennial timescales and frequent periods of extended regional drought. Most sites indicate drying during previously documented multicentennial periods of warmer Northern Hemisphere temperatures, particularly in the western U.S., central U.S., and Canada. Two widespread droughts were documented by the NAHS: from 50 BCE to 450 CE and from 800 to 1100 CE. Major hydroclimate reorganizations occurred out of sync with Northern Hemisphere temperature variations and widespread wet and dry anomalies occurred during both warm and cool periods. We present a broad assessment of paleoclimate relationships that highlights the potential influences of internal variability and external forcing and supports a prominent role for Pacific and Atlantic Ocean dynamics on century-scale continental hydroclimate. #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Climate and Land Use Change Research and Development Program # Grant: #--------------------------------------- # Site Information # Site_Name: North America # Location: North America # Country: United States, Canada, Mexico # Northernmost_Latitude: 74.89164 # Southernmost_Latitude: 17.4 # Easternmost_Longitude: -63.5392 # Westernmost_Longitude: -159.4316 # Elevation: #--------------------------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: CollectionMetadata NAHS Data by Source Rodysill2018 # First_Year: -100 # Last_Year: 1900 # Time_Unit: AD # Core_Length: # Notes: #--------------------------------------- # Synthesis Collection Metadata Fields # NOTE: These are the fields used to capture the metadata about data sources used in a synthesis study. # Each row of this table corresponds to a column in the SourceDataTable file listed above in the Online_Resource URLs. # The rows here are linked to the columns in the data table using the ID field. # Metadata fields that follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. ## dataID dataset ID NOTE: This field is used to tie the data's metadata to the data. This value will be the column header in the data table ## FullDataSetCode A name for the data collection ## archiveType archive or data type of the collection ## latitude latitude of site in decimal degrees North ## longitude longitude of site in decimal degrees East ## elevation elevation of site in meters ## startYear start year in years CE ## endYear end year in years CE ## Citation citation text or DOI for original publication source of data ## Original_Source_Data_URL Original Source URL or DOI(if available) for the data presented here ## variable_used Variable from original source that is being used ## data_accessed Date the original source data was acquired ## notes Any additional information about the use of the record that is not covered in the fields above #--------------------------------------- # RecordsUsed_Metadata: # Missing_Value: dataID FullDataSetCode archiveType latitude longitude elevation startYear endYear Citation Original_Source_Data_URL variable_used data_accessed notes 1-AguadaXcaamal 1-AguadaXcaamal_Yucatan_Mexico_d18O lake sediment 20.60998 -89.7152 10 -2610 1986 Hodell et al., 2005b https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/6107 d18O 2-Baie 2-Baie_Quebec_Canada_testate amoebae assemblage peatland 49.09865 -68.2495 6 -2320 2010 Magnan & Garneau, 2014a; Magnan & Garneau, 2014b this study Testate Amoebae 3-BearLake 3-BearLake_Colorado_USA_pollen assemblage lake sediment 40.31347 -105.6479 2900 -5050 2006 Caffrey & Doerner, 2012 this study Pollen 4-BlueLake 4-BlueLake_Alaska_USA_varve thickness lake sediment 68.0869 -150.465 1275 10 2005 Bird et al., 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/6192 Varve Thickness 5-BuckeyeCreekCave 5-BuckeyeCreekCave_BCC2_WestVirginia_USA_d18O cave 37.97617 -80.3997 600 -5897 1913 Hardt et al., 2010 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/8640 d18O 6-CastorLime 6-CastorLime_Washington_USA_?d18O lake sediment 48.54 -119.56 594 -4077 1998 Nelson et al., PNAS 2011; Steinman et al., 2012; Steinman et al., 2013; Steinman et al., 2016 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/10310; https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/21250 d18O 7-ChesapeakeBay_MD03-2661 7-ChesapeakeBay_MD03-2661_USA_MD03-2661 estuary sediment 38.88683 -76.3982 0 -457 1881 Cronin et al., 2010 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/21530 d18O 8-ChesapeakeBay_MD99-2209 8-ChesapeakeBay_MD99-2209_USA_pollen assemblage estuary sediment 38.88633 -76.3947 0 -276 1999 Willard et al., 2003; Willard et al., 2005 http://apps.neotomadb.org/Explorer/?datasetid=15209 Pollen 9-ClelandLake 9-ClelandLake_BritishColumbia_Canada_d18O lake sediment 50.83 -116.39 1126 -5523 2009 Steinman et al., 2016 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/21250 d18O 10-ColdwaterLake 10-ColdwaterLake_NorthDakota_USA_salinity lake sediment 46.01424 -99.06911 594 -39 1991 Fritz et al., 2000 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/23090 Diatom-Inferred Salinity 11-CrystalCave 11-CrystalCave_Wisconsin_USA_d18O cave 44.83243 -92.2519 335 -911 1995 Denniston et al., 1999 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/5428 d18O 12-DavisPond 12-DavisPond_Massachusetts_USA_lake level lake sediment 42.13619 -73.4044 213 -9950 1900 Newby et al., 2011; Newby et al., 2014 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/16094 Lake Elevation 13-DeepPond 13-DeepPond_Massachusetts_USA_lake level lake sediment 41.56417 -70.6352 23 -9950 1900 Marsicek et al., 2013 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/16095 Lake Elevation 14-DixieLake 14-DixieLake_Ontario_Canada_diatom water depth lake sediment 49.83207 -93.94832 398 2 2010 Laird et al., 2012 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/23094 Diatom-Inferred Water Depth 15-DuneLake 15-DuneLake_Alaska_USA_d13C lake sediment 64.42516 -149.9002 134 -9376 1993 Finney et al., 2012 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/13076 d13C 16-EastLake 16-EastLake_Nunavut_Canada_grain size lake sediment 74.89164 -109.534 5 -845 2000 Lapointe et al., 2012 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/13096; https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/11936 Grain Size 17-ELALake239 17-ELALake239_Ontario_Canada_diatom water depth lake sediment 49.66299 -93.72309 387 8 2004 Laird et al., 2012 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/23094 Diatom-Inferred Water Depth 18-ELALake442 18-ELALake442_Ontario_Canada_diatom water depth lake sediment 49.77444 -93.81751 411 8 2004 Laird et al., 2012 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/23094 Diatom-Inferred Water Depth 19-ElkLake 19-ElkLake_Minnesota_USA_%Al lake sediment 47.18758 -95.21439 449 -6676 1992 Dean, 2002; Dean et al., 1994; Anderson, 1993 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/5473; https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/5491 % Al 20-FoyLake 20-FoyLake_Montana_USA_d18O lake sediment 48.16524 -114.36 1006 -1162 1992 Stevens et al., 2006 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/6188 d18O 21-FoyLake 21-FoyLake_Montana_USA_benthic diatom abundance lake sediment 48.16524 -114.36 1006 -11195 1992 Stone & Fritz, 2006 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/6188 % Benthic Diatoms 22-GallLake 22-GallLake_Ontario_Canada_diatom water depth lake sediment 49.23336 -89.98515 470 17 2009 Laird et al., 2012 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/23094 Diatom-Inferred Water Depth 23-GreatHeath 23-GreatHeath_Maine_USA_SVR peatland 44.70131 -67.80919 51 -4850 2007 Nichols & Huang, 2012 this study Biomarker 24-GreatSaltLake 24-GreatSaltLake_Utah_USA_pollen assemblage lake sediment 41.017 -112.467 1283 -37950 1996 Thompson et al., 2016 this study Pollen 25-HiddenLake 25-HiddenLake_Colorado_USA_lake level lake sediment 40.50499 -106.608 2710 -5950 1900 Shuman et al., 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/23077 Lake Elevation 26-HobartLake 26-HobartLake_Oregon_USA_pollen assemblage lake sediment 42.09756 -122.481 1458 -5950 2011 White et al., 2015 this study Pollen 27-HorsetrailFen 27-HorsetrailFen_Alaska_USA_plant macrofossil assemblage peatland 60.415 -150.902 101 -12250 1868.8 Jones et al., 2014 this study Plant Macrofossils 28-IrwinSmithBog 28-IrwinSmithBog_Michigan_USA_pollen assemblage peatland 45.03194 -83.6181 223 -5158 1990 Booth et al., 2012a, Booth et al., 2012b http://apps.neotomadb.org/Explorer/?datasetid=13047 Pollen 29-JenningsCave 29-JenningsCave_Florida_USA_d13C cave sediment 29.15827 -82.3519 34 -984 2007 Polk et al., 2013 this study d13C 30-JuxtlahuacaCave 30-JuxtlahuacaCave_Guerrero_Mexico_d18O cave 17.4 -99.2 934 -461 1999 Lachniet et al., 2012 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/12972 d18O 31-KecheLake 31-KecheLake_Alaska_USA_d18O lake sediment 68.01555 -146.9114 740 -1444 2008 Chipman et al., 2012 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/13078 d18O 32-KirmanLake_diatomwaterdepth 32-KirmanLake_California_USA_diatom water depth lake sediment 38.34 -119.4997 2174 -9667 2001.6 MacDonald et al., 2016 https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/UCLAGMacDonald Diatom-Inferred Salinity & Water Depth 32-KirmanLake_diatomsalinity 32-KirmanLake_California_USA_salinity lake sediment 38.34 -119.4997 2174 -9667 2001.6 MacDonald et al., 2016 https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/UCLAGMacDonald Diatom-Inferred Salinity & Water Depth 33-KiteLake 33-KiteLake_Colorado_USA_pollen assemblage lake sediment 39.32977 -106.13 3665 -10550 2007 Jiménez-Moreno & Anderson, 2013 this study Pollen 34-LacLeCaron 34-LacLeCaron_Quebec_Canada_plant macrofossil assemblage peatland 52.28699 -75.84567 248 -603 1958 Loisel & Garneau, 2010 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/23096 Plant Macrofossils 35-LagunadeAljojuca_Al2O3 35-LagunadeAljojuca_Puebla_Mexico_%Al2O3 lake sediment 19.0915 -97.5338 2376 -2190 1999.2 Bhattacharya et al., 2015 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/17735 % Al2O3 / d18O 35-LagunadeAljojuca_d18O 35-LagunadeAljojuca_Puebla_Mexico_d18O lake sediment 19.0915 -97.5338 2376 -2190 1999.2 Bhattacharya et al., 2015 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/17735 % Al2O3 / d18O 36-LagunadeJuanacatlan 36-LagunadeJuanacatlan_Jalisco_Mexico_Ti lake sediment 20.62942 -104.736 2000 -3873 1900 Metcalfe et al., 2010; Jones et al., 2015 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/19768 Ti (normalized) 37-LakeChichancanab 37-LakeChichancanab_QuintanaRoo_Mexico_density lake sediment 19.883 -88.767 3 -858 1995 Hodell et al., 2005a https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/6108 Bulk Density 38-LakeElsinore 38-LakeElsinore_California_USA_%sand lake sediment 33.67325 -117.354 377 -7754 1994 Kirby et al., 2004; Kirby et al., 2007; Kirby et al., 2010 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/12200 % Sand 39-LakeoftheWoods 39-LakeoftheWoods_Wyoming_USA_lake level lake sediment 43.48219 -109.893 2816 -15950 1900 Shuman et al., 2010; Pribyl & Shuman, 2014 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/16096 Lake Elevation 40-Lebel 40-Lebel_Quebec_Canada_testate amoebae assemblage peatland 49.09833 -68.2217 2 -3757 2010 Magnan & Garneau, 2014a; Magnan & Garneau, 2014b this study Testate Amoebae 41-LittleRaleighLake 41-LittleRaleighLake_Ontario_Canada_diatom water depth lake sediment 49.45437 -91.89689 459 -1 2010 Laird et al., 2012 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/23094 Diatom-Inferred Water Depth 42-LowerBearLake 42-LowerBearLake_California_USA_LOI950C lake sediment 34.2541 -116.92 2059 -7406 1474 Kirby et al., 2012 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/13215 Loss-on-Ignition 43-MarcellaJelly 43-MarcellaJelly_Yukon_Canada_?d18O lake sediment 60.07344 -133.806 697 -2776 2000 Anderson et al., 2007 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/6066 d18O 44-MartinLake_d18O 44-MartinLake_Illinois_USA_d18O lake sediment 41.564 -85.383 274 -153 2013 Bird et al., 2017 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/21061 % Lithics / d18O 44-MartinLake_lithics 44-MartinLake_Illinois_USA_lithics lake sediment 41.564 -85.383 274 -153 2013 Bird et al., 2017 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/21061 % Lithics / d18O 45-MB01 45-MB01_Nunavut_Canada_pollen assemblage lake sediment 69.806 -112.075 290 -752 2002 Peros & Gajewski, 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/6200 Pollen 46-MeekinLake 46-MeekinLake_Ontario_Canada_diatom water depth lake sediment 49.82 -94.77 357 19 2009 Laird et al., 2012 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/23094 Diatom-Inferred Water Depth 47-MindenBog 47-MindenBog_Michigan_USA_testate amoebae water table depth peatland 43.6119 -82.8361 241 -1479 2000 Booth & Jackson, 2003; Booth et al., 2012b https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/16462 Testate Amoebae 48-Mono Lake 48-Mono Lake_California_USA_lake level lake sediment 37.98929 -119.138 1944 -16550 1950 Stine, 1990; Stine, 1994 this study Lake Elevation 49-MoonLake 49-MoonLake_NorthDakota_USA_salinity lake sediment 46.8575 -98.1583 444 -354 1980 Laird et al., 1996; Laird et al., 1998 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/5476 Diatom-Inferred Salinity 50-Morts 50-Morts_Quebec_Canada_testate amoebae assemblage peatland 50.259 -63.664 11 -653 1942 Magnan & Garneau, 2014a; Magnan & Garneau, 2014b this study Testate Amoebae 51-NewLongPond 51-NewLongPond_Massachusetts_USA_lake level lake sediment 41.85278 -70.6792 29 -9950 1900 Newby et al., 2009; Newby et al., 2014 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/23074 Lake Elevation 52-OngokeLake 52-OngokeLake_Alaska_USA_diatom water depth lake sediment 59.27089 -159.4316 149 -65.0000000000002 2004 Chipman et al., 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/6194 Diatom-Inferred Water Depth 53-OregonCaves 53-OregonCaves_Oregon_USA_d13C cave 42.09785 -123.407 1200 -6041 1716 Ersek et al., 2012 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/13543 d13C 54-ParadiseLake 54-ParadiseLake_BritishColumbia_Canada_d18O lake sediment 54.685 -122.617 733 -7027 2010 Steinman et al., 2016 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/21250 d18O 55-PathLake 55-PathLake_NovaScotia_Canada_pollen assemblage lake sediment 43.8708 -64.9271 15 -7171 1943 Neil et al., 2014 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/19120 Pollen 56-Plaine 56-Plaine_Quebec_Canada_testate amoebae assemblage peatland 50.27257 -63.5392 20 -5425 2010 Magnan & Garneau, 2014a; Magnan & Garneau, 2014b this study Testate Amoebae 57-PuntaLaguna 57-PuntaLaguna_Yucatan_Mexico_d18O lake sediment 20.65186 -87.6486 14 -1598 1993 Curtis et al., 1996 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/5484 d18O 58-RiceLake 58-RiceLake_NorthDakota_USA_MgCa lake sediment 48.00806 -101.53 620 -146 1936 Yu & Ito, 1999 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/5478 Mg/Ca 59-RoeIsland 59-RoeIsland_SFB_California_USA_d13C-based salinity estuary sediment 38.07205 -122.033 2 -173 1989 Malamud-Roam & Ingram, 2004 this study d13C 60-SchellingsBogSB70_pseudotsuga 60-SchellingsBogSB70_California_USA_%pseudotsuga peatland 40.28 -123.36 910 -2830 1950 Barron et al., 2004 this study Pollen 60-SchellingsBogSB70_quercus 60-SchellingsBogSB70_California_USA_%quercus peatland 40.28 -123.36 910 -2830 1950 Barron et al., 2004 this study Pollen 61-Site4 61-Site4_Everglades_Florida_USA_pollen assemblage peatland 25.97417 -80.6688 2 -583 1995 Willard et al., 2001 http://apps.neotomadb.org/Explorer/?datasetid=2945 Pollen 62-SouthBay 62-SouthBay_SFB_California_USA_d13C- and d18O-based salinity estuary sediment 37.6305 -122.367 0 -2150 1993 McGann, 2008 this study d18O, d13C 63-SteelLake 63-SteelLake_Minnesota_USA_d18O lake sediment 46.97358 -94.6839 415 -10339 1999 Tian et al., 2005; Tian et al., 2006 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/8647 d18O 64-Sugluk 64-Sugluk_Quebec_Canada_plant macrofossil assemblage peatland 62.15811 -75.9084 15 -345 1265 Ouzilleau-Samson et al., 2010 this study Plant Macrofossils 65-UpperPinto 65-UpperPinto_Alberta_Canada_plant macrofossil assemblage peatland 53.58333 -118.017 1310 -5649 1950 Yu et al., 2003 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/13665 Plant Macrofossils 66-WalkerLake 66-WalkerLake_Nevada_USA_d18O lake sediment 38.6668 -118.742 1196 -567 2000 Yuan et al., 2004; Yuan et al., 2006 this study d18O 67-WolverineLake 67-WolverineLake_Alaska_USA_MineralMAR lake sediment 67.09218 -158.923 59 -3457 1980 Mann et al., 2002 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/23070 Mineral Mass Accum. Rate 68-YellowBison 68-YellowBison_Colorado_USA_?d18O lake sediment 39.65199 -107.3453 3140 2 1969 Anderson, 2012 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/13120 d18O 69-ZacaLake 69-ZacaLake_California_USA_%coarse lake sediment 34.77784 -120.039 730 -1051 2008 Kirby et al., 2014 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/17348 Grain Size