# Wahl, et al., 2017, precipitation reconstruction for California
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
#                World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
#                                  and 
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
#             National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# Template Version 3.0
# Encoding: UTF-8
# NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. 
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. 
#
# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/21793
#       Description: URL for dataset Landing Page
# Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/reconstructions/wahl2017
#       Description: URL of dataset product folder, containing this file and five ZIP archives of data. See https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/reconstructions/wahl2017/readme-wahl-2017.txt (this file) section "Dataset Product Contents:" (below) for details.
#
# Original_Source_URL: 
#       Description:
# 
#
# Archive: Climate Reconstruction
#
# Dataset DOI: 
#
# Parameter_Keywords: precipitation
#--------------------
# Contribution_Date
#	Date:  2017-04-24
#--------------------
# File_Last_Modified_Date
#	Date:  2018-09-13
#--------------------
# Title
#	Study_Name: Wahl, et al., 2017, precipitation reconstruction for California
#--------------------
# Investigators
#	Investigators:  Wahl,E.R.;Diaz,H.R.;Vose,R.S.;Gross,W.S.;
#--------------------
# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#	Description: 
#The reconstructions are derived from streamflow reconstructions in western 
#United States, which are based on tree rings. See article for details. 
#Note: The data products set was updated on September 13, 2018, to include the 
#"wahl-2017-ca-all-uncert-climate-div-means-text.zip" archive, described below.
#
#Dataset Product Contents:
#    Section 1: Dataset product folder contents overview
#    Section 2: Details of the content the six ZIP archive files
#
#
#Section 1: Dataset product folder contents overview
#
#    URL of folder: 
#        https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/reconstructions/wahl2017
#    Item 1. readme-wahl-2017.txt - this file
#    Item 2. Six ZIP archive files which contain the actual data:
#        I. wahl-2017-ca-all-uncert-nc3.zip
#        II. wahl-2017-ca-all-uncert-medians-nc3.zip
#        III. wahl-2017-ca-all-uncert-medians-annual-maps.zip
#        IV. wahl-2017-ca-climate-divs-all-uncert-nc3.zip
#        V. wahl-2017-ca-climate-divs-all-uncert-medians-nc3.zip
#        VI. wahl-2017-ca-all-uncert-climate-div-means-text.zip
#
#        The first five ZIP archive files, listed above (I...IV), have the same 
#        structure.
#        Each contains a folder, with the same filename as the ZIP 
#        file from which it was extracted (excluding the ".zip" extension), 
#        which contains:
#            A. One folder: data
#                which contains the actual data
#            B. One file: manifest-md5.txt
#                which contains the md5 checksum values of the file(s) 
#                in the "data" directory 
#        The sixth ZIP archive file, 
#        "wahl-2017-ca-all-uncert-climate-div-means-text.zip" 
#        contains a folder named 
#        "wahl-2017-ca-all-uncert-climate-div-means-text" 
#        which contains:
#            A. One folder: data
#                which contains the actual data. The data 
#                being seven text-based data sets (one for each climate 
#                division) which have the form of flat matrices, with 407 rows 
#                (years) and 1001 columns (first column has the year values, 
#                columns 2-1001 have the ensemble member precipitation values). 
#                The files are named 
#                "wahl-2017-ca-all-uncert-text-div1-means.txt" ... 
#                "wahl-2017-ca-all-uncert-text-div7-means.txt"
#            B. One file: manifest-md5.txt
#                which contains the md5 checksum values of the file(s)
#                in the "data" directory.
#        Note: this ZIP archive was added to this dataset on September 13, 2018
#
#
#Section 2: Details of the content of the ZIP archive files I. through VI.
#
#I. wahl-2017-ca-all-uncert-nc3.zip
#This ZIP archive contains one folder:
#    wahl-2017-ca-all-uncert-nc3, which contains:
#    A. One folder: data
#        which contains:
#        One file: wahl-2017-ca-all-uncert-nc3.nc
#            which is a NetCDF file, which contains 1000 ensemble members,
#            each containing 407 years from 1571-1977 AD.
#            Each year contains:
#            a grid of 19 latitude X 21 longitude 0.5 x 0.5 degree grid cells
#            32.5 to 42.0 decimal degrees latitude North
#            -124.5 to -114.5 decimal degrees latitude East
#            EACH GRID CELL VALUE REPRESENTS THE PRECIPITATION AS MILLIMETERS.
#            Format: NetCDF version 3
#            NetCDF Header Information:
#            dimensions:
#              Ensemble = 1000 ;
#              Year = 407 ;
#              Latitude = 19 ;
#              Longitude = 21 ;
#            variables:
#              int Ensemble(Ensemble) ;
#                      Ensemble:units = "count" ;
#              int Year(Year) ;
#                      Year:units = "calendar_years" ;
#              double Latitude(Latitude) ;
#                      Latitude:units = "degreesN" ;
#              double Longitude(Longitude) ;
#                      Longitude:units = "degreesE" ;
#              double precipitation_amount(Longitude, Latitude, Year, Ensemble);
#                      precipitation_amount:units = "Ensemble,Year,Latitude,
#                      Longitude";
#                      precipitation_amount:missing_value = -999. ;
#    B. One file: manifest-md5.txt
#        which contains the md5 checksum values and names of the
#        NetCDF file in the "data" folder, described above in A.
#
#
#II. wahl-2017-ca-all-uncert-medians-nc3.zip
#This ZIP archive contains one folder:
#    wahl-2017-ca-all-uncert-medians-nc3, which contains:
#    A. One folder: data
#        which contains:
#        One file: wahl-2017-ca-all-uncert-medians-nc3.nc
#            which is a NetCDF file, which contains the medians
#            across the 1000 ensemble members, each containing 407 years
#            from 1571-1977 AD.
#            Each year contains:
#            407 years from 1571-1977 AD.
#            Each year contains:
#            a grid of 19 latitude X 21 longitude 0.5 x 0.5 degree grid cells
#            32.5 to 42.0 decimal degrees latitude North
#            -124.5 to -114.5 decimal degrees latitude East
#            EACH GRID CELL VALUE REPRESENTS THE PRECIPITATION AS MILLIMETERS.
#            Format: NetCDF version 3
#            NetCDF Header Information:
#            dimensions:
#              Year = 407 ;
#              Latitude = 19 ;
#              Longitude = 21 ;
#            variables:
#              int Year(Year) ;
#                      Year:units = "calendar_years" ;
#              double Latitude(Latitude) ;
#                      Latitude:units = "degreesN" ;
#              double Longitude(Longitude) ;
#                      Longitude:units = "degreesE" ;
#              double precipitation_amount(Longitude, Latitude, Year);
#                      precipitation_amount:units = "Year,Latitude,Longitude";
#                      precipitation_amount:missing_value = -999. ;
#    B. One file: manifest-md5.txt
#        which contains the md5 checksum values and names of the
#        NetCDF file in the "data" folder, described above in A.
#
#
#III. wahl-2017-ca-all-uncert-medians-annual-maps.zip
#ZIP archive wahl-2017-ca-all-uncert-medians-annual-maps.zip contains
#One folder:
#wahl-2017-ca-all-uncert-medians-annual-maps, which contains:
#    A. One folder: data
#        Description of the information in folder "data":
#        1221 Files, in three folders representing
#        407 Annual Maps for years 1571-1977 AD. anomalies. EACH MAP DEPICTS 
#        THE MEDIAN PRECIPITATION FOR CALIFORNIA AS STANDARDIZED ANOMALIES
#        (calculated wrt the full reconstruction period).
#        As detailed below, each map is stored in PDF and PNG formats in the
#        "pdf" and "png" folders respectively. The data corresponding to 
#        each map is stored in a tab separated file in the "tsv" folder.
#
#        Contents of folder "data":
#        One ZIP archive: wahl-2017-annual-maps-pdf-png-tsv.zip, which contains:
#          One folder: wahl-2017-annual-maps-pdf-png-tsv
#          which contains three folders:
#            1. folder: tsv - contains the data corresponding to each map,
#                in 407 tab separated value (TSV) format files
#                Each TSV file contains:
#                    21 columns, each spanning 0.5 degrees of longitude.
#                    The center longitude coordinate for the
#                    column 1, east-most, cells through the
#                    column 21, west-most, cells, are listed here:
#                        -124.25,-123.75,-123.25,-122.75,-122.25,
#                        -121.75,-121.25,-120.75,-120.25,-119.75,
#                        -119.25,-118.75,-118.25,-117.75,-117.25,
#                        -116.75,-116.25,-115.75,-115.25,-114.75,
#                        -114.25
#                    19 rows, each spanning 0.5 degrees of latitude.
#                    The center latitude coordinate for the
#                    row 1, south-most cells, through the
#                    row 19 north-most cells, are listed here:
#                        32.5,33.25,33.75,34.25,34.75,
#                        35.25,35.75,36.25,36.75,37.25,
#                        37.75,38.25,38.75,39.25,39.75,
#                        40.25,40.75,41.25,41.75
#            2. folder: pdf - contains the 407 annual maps in PDF format
#            3. folder: png - contains the 407 annual maps in PNG format
#    B. One file: manifest-md5.txt
#        which contains the md5 checksum value for the
#        wahl-2017-annual-maps-pdf-png-tsv.zip ZIP archive
#        described above in A.
#
#
#IV. wahl-2017-ca-climate-divs-all-uncert-nc3.zip
#This ZIP archive contains one folder:
#    wahl-2017-ca-climate-divs-all-uncert-nc3, which contains:
#    A. One folder: data
#        which contains:
#        seven files: wahl-2017-ca-div1-all-uncert-nc3.nc ...
#                 wahl-2017-ca-div7-all-uncert-nc3.nc
#            which are NetCDF files each representing one of the
#            seven California climate divisions,
#            401 ... 407 respectively.
#            Each NetCDF file contains 1000 ensemble members, each containing
#            407 years from 1571-1977 AD.
#            Each year contains:
#            a grid of 19 latitude X 21 longitude 0.5 x 0.5 degree grid cells
#            32.5 to 42.0 decimal degrees latitude North
#            -124.5 to -114.5 decimal degrees latitude East
#            EACH GRID CELL VALUE REPRESENTS THE PRECIPITATION AS MILLIMETERS.
#            Format: NetCDF version 3
#            NetCDF Header Information for each file:
#            dimensions:
#              Ensemble = 1000 ;
#              Year = 407 ;
#              Latitude = 19 ;
#              Longitude = 21 ;
#            variables:
#              int Ensemble(Ensemble) ;
#                      Ensemble:units = "count" ;
#              int Year(Year) ;
#                      Year:units = "calendar_years" ;
#              double Latitude(Latitude) ;
#                      Latitude:units = "degreesN" ;
#              double Longitude(Longitude) ;
#                      Longitude:units = "degreesE" ;
#              double precipitation_amount(Longitude, Latitude, Year, Ensemble);
#                      precipitation_amount:units = "Ensemble,Year,Latitude,
#                      Longitude";
#                      precipitation_amount:missing_value = -999. ;
#    B. One file: manifest-md5.txt
#        which contains the md5 checksum values and names of the
#        sevem NetCDF files in the "data" folder, described above in A.
#
#
#V. wahl-2017-ca-climate-divs-all-uncert-nc3-medians.zip
#This ZIP archive contains one folder:
#    wahl-2017-ca-climate-divs-all-uncert-medians-nc3, which contains:
#    A. One folder: data
#        which contains:
#        seven files: wahl-2017-ca-div1-all-uncert-medians-nc3.nc ...
#                 wahl-2017-ca-div7-all-uncert-medians-nc3.nc
#            which are NetCDF files, each representing one of the
#            seven California climate divisions,
#            401 ... 407 respectively. Each file contains the medians
#            across the 1000 ensemble members, each containing 407 years
#            from 1571-1977 AD.
#            Each year contains:
#            a grid of 19 latitude X 21 longitude 0.5 x 0.5 degree grid cells
#            32.5 to 42.0 decimal degrees latitude North
#            -124.5 to -114.5 decimal degrees latitude East
#            EACH GRID CELL VALUE REPRESENTS THE PRECIPITATION AS MILLIMETERS.
#            Format: NetCDF version 3
#            NetCDF Header Information for each file:
#            dimensions:
#              Year = 407 ;
#              Latitude = 19 ;
#              Longitude = 21 ;
#            variables:
#              int Year(Year) ;
#                      Year:units = "calendar_years" ;
#              double Latitude(Latitude) ;
#                      Latitude:units = "degreesN" ;
#              double Longitude(Longitude) ;
#                      Longitude:units = "degreesE" ;
#              double precipitation_amount(Longitude, Latitude, Year);
#                      precipitation_amount:units = "Year,Latitude,Longitude";
#                      precipitation_amount:missing_value = -999. ;
#    B. One file: manifest-md5.txt
#        which contains the md5 checksum values and names of the
#        NetCDF files in the "data" folder, described above in A.
#
#VI. wahl-2017-ca-all-uncert-climate-div-means-text.zip
#This ZIP archive contains one folder:
#    wahl-2017-ca-all-uncert-climate-div-means-text, which contains:
#    A. One folder: data
#        which contains:
#        seven files: wahl-2017-ca-all-uncert-text-div1-means.txt ... 
#        wahl-2017-ca-all-uncert-text-div7-means.txt, which are seven 
#        text-based data sets (providing the annual mean value for each 
#        climate division for each of the 1000 ensemble members) which have 
#        the form of flat matrices, with 407 rows (years) and 1001 columns 
#        (first column has the year values, columns 2-1001 have the ensemble 
#        member precipitation values).
#    B. One file: manifest-md5.txt
#        which contains the md5 checksum values and names of the
#        .txt files in the "data" folder, described above in A.
#--------------------
# Publication 
#	Authors: Eugene R. Wahl, Henry F. Diaz, Russel S. Vose, and Wendy S. Gross
#	Published_Date_or_Year: 2017 
#	Published_Title: Multicentury Evaluation of Recovery from Strong Precipitation Deficits
in California
#	Journal_Name: Journal of Climate
#	Volume: 30
#	Edition: 
#	Issue: 15
#	Pages: 6053-6063
#	Report_Number: 
#	DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0423.1
#	Online_Resource: 
#	Full_Citation: 
#	Abstract: The recent dryness in California was unprecedented in the instrumental record. This article employs spatially explicit precipitation reconstructions for California in combination with instrumental data to provide perspective on this event since 1571. The period 2012–15 stands out as particularly extreme in the southern Central Valley and South Coast regions. which likely experienced unprecedented precipitation deficits over this time, apart from considerations of increasing temperatures and drought metrics that combine temperature and moisture information. Some areas lost more than two years’ average moisture delivery during these four years, and full recovery to long-term average moisture delivery could typically take up to several decades in the hardest-hit areas. These results highlight the value of the additional centuries of information provided by the paleo record, which indicates the shorter instrumental record may underestimate the statewide recovery time by over 30%. The extreme El Niño that occurred in 2015–16 ameliorated recovery in much of the northern half of the state, and since 1571 very-strong-to-extreme El Niño’s during the first year after a 2012–15-type event reduce statewide recovery times by approximately half. The southern part of California did not experience the high precipitation anticipated, and the multicentury analysis suggests the north-wet–south-dry pattern for such an El Niño was a low-likelihood anomaly. Recent wetness in California motivated evaluation of recovery times when the first two years are relatively wet, suggesting the state is benefiting from a one-infive (or lower) likelihood situation: the likelihood of full recovery within two years is ~1% in the instrumental data and even lower in the reconstruction data.
#------------------
# Funding_Agency 
#	Funding_Agency_Name: 
#	Grant: 
#------------------
# Site_Information 
#	Site_Name: 
#	Location: United States of America>California
#	Country:  United States of America
#	Northernmost_Latitude: 42.0 
# 	Southernmost_Latitude: 32.5 
# 	Easternmost_Longitude: -114 
# 	Westernmost_Longitude: -124.5 
# 	Elevation:  
#------------------
# Data_Collection   
#	Collection_Name: wahl-2017-ca-precipitation 
#	Earliest_Year: 1571
#	Most_Recent_Year: 1977
#	Time_Unit: AD 
#	Core_Length: (in meters)
#	Notes: 
#------------------
# Species - 
#	Species_Name: 
#	Common_Name:
#	Tree_Species_Code: 
#------------------
# Chronology_Information
#	Chronology: 
# 	
#----------------	
# Variables 
#
# Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Data line variables format:  one per line, shortname-tab-variable components (what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type,detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data, free text) 
#
##precip-recon	precipitation,streamflow,,mm,Oct-Sep,climate reconstructions,raw,principal components analysis,N,Truncated EOF-Principal Component Spatial Regression (TEOF-PCSR); calibration period 1916-1977; variance restored; probabilistic reconstruction uncertainty ensemble