# NOAA Paleoclimatology Program - Speleothem Site Data
# cave-coldwater-cwc-2ss.txt
# Speleothem data only
# File Created: 23-March-2011
#
#*********************************************************************************
# Please cite the contributor and the original publications when using these data
#*********************************************************************************
#
# Missing Values indicated by '-999'
#
# PI:	R.F. Denniston	
# Core/Site:	CWC-2SS/Cold water Cave     
# Latitude:	43°28' 04" N
# Longitude:	91°58' 30" W
# Elevation:	356 m
#
# Publications:
#	Denniston, R.F., L.A. González, Y. Asmerom, R.G. Baker, 
#	M.K. Reagan, and E.A. Bettis III. 1999. 
#	Evidence for increased cool season moisture during the middle Holocene. 
#	Geology, 27, 815-818,
#	doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0815:EFICSM>2.3.CO;2	
#   
#------------------
#
# Description & Notes:
#	Stable isotope data (13C and 18O) of three stalagmites from Cold Water Cave, 
#	northeastern Iowa, USA. 
#	Stalagmites dated by U-Th Series and isotope data 
#	collected on a Finnigan MAT 252 using a Kiel II device.  	
#
#------------------
# 
# 230Th dating 
#	URANIUM AND THORIUM ISOTOPIC RATIOS AND 230Th/234U AGES
#	
#	sample 	Distance	238U	232Th	d234U*		230Th/238U	230Th/232Th	age*!
#		from bottom	(ng/g)	(pg/g)	(measured)	(activity)	(atomic)	(yr B.P.)
#		(mm)
#	2SS	77.5		214	1720	891(13)		0.0311(7)	6.42E-5(1)	1740(150)
#	2SS	68.5		216	24990	870(15)		0.0829(13)	1.28E-5(2)	3870(510)
#	2SS	64.5		225	3867	873(7)		0.0695(16)	6.74E-5(2)	3950(120)
#	2SS	59.0		310	2065	884(12)		0.0876(49)	2.21E-4(5)	5100(300)
#	2SS	37.0		286	7856	871(15)		0.1761(34)	6.37E-5(1)	5960(180)
#	2SS	26.5		300	12812	855(7)		0.1130(52)	4.32E-5(2)	6410(380)
#	2SS	21.5		288	49910	826(10)		0.1447(40)	1.43E-5(4)	7270(830)
#
#	*d234Umeasured = [(234U/238U)measured /(234U/238U)eq -1] x 10x(3), where (234U/238U)eq is the secular
#	equilibrium atomic ratio: lamda238/lamda234 = 5.472 x 10 x(-5). analytical errors(2sigma) associated with U and Th
#	concentrations are better than 1% for 1sand 3L and < 8% for 2SS. Unsupported 230Th was
#	subtracted by using an initial 230Th/232Th ratio of 2.5 x10 x(-6) determined by analyses of insoluble 
#	residues from 1S and 3L. precise constraints on the initial 230Th/232Th ratio in 1S and 3L were 
#	not applied to 2SS (2.5 x 10 x(-6) +- 1.25 X 10 x(-6) was used for 2SS), thus resulting in larger age
#	uncertainties in this sample.
#
#	! values in parentheses replresent 2sigma errors in the last significant figure.
#	$ data reported in Dorale et al. (1992).
#	# these dates are problematic and actual uncertainties are likely larger than indicated. Two
#	additional 3L samples, 180.0 and 210.0 mm from the bottom (not tabulated), yielded anomalously
#	young dates that fell out of stratigraphic sequence. Furthermore, the insoluble residue from one
#	of these (180) had an anomalously high 230Th/232Th ratio (3.1 X 10 x(-5). the anomalous samples 
#	and residue correction uncertainties therefore cast doubt on the accuracy of the ages for the low 
#	230th/232Th samples at 11.0,239.0, and 305.0 mm. However, the reported ages for these three
#	samples are in sequence with the more reliable ages from 84.5 and 53.0 mm, and are consistent
#	with stratigraphic correction with the d13c trends in1S and 2SS. 
#	
#----------------
#	
# Variables:
#	age_calBP	Age (calendar years BP)
#	d13CcarbPDB	delta13C calcium carbonate (per mil PDB)
#	d18OcarbSMOW 	delta18O calcium carbonate (per mil SMOW)
#
# CORE: CWC-2SS
age_calBP	d13CcarbPDB	d18OcarbSMOW
1096	-8.21	24.03		
1192	-7.89	23.99		
1288	-7.62	24.14		
1416	-7.84	24.17		
1496	-7.99	24.11		
1608	-7.9	24.05		
1736	-7.74	24.11		
2056	-8.05	24.1		
2248	-7.75	24.33		
2632	-7.43	24.03		
2776	-7.45	24.1		
3017	-7.64	24.26		
3145	-6.55	24.24		
3177	-7.3	24.09		
3305	-6.37	23.85		
3465	-6.33	23.91
3577	-5.98	23.97
3657	-5.78	23.72
3945	-5.88	23.63
4167	-5.75	23.61
4433	-6.27	23.16
4655	-6.72	23.02
4876	-6.36	23
5098	-6.29	23.95
5146	-6.19	23.38
5203	-6.8	23.45
5259	-6.87	23.41
5291	-6.3	23.87
5348	-5.74	24.2
5400	-6.74	24.39
5461	-6.7	24.34
5509	-7.45	24.06
5573	-7.42	23.93
5622	-7.35	24
5654	-7.34	24.36
5702	-7.37	23.92
5803	-7.02	24.53
5831	-7.4	24.48
5883	-7.88	24.28
5924	-8.33	24.28
5964	-8.75	24.04
6010	-8.88	24.18
6068	-9.04	24.17
6130	-9.03	24.06
6171	-9.15	24.15
6217	-9.2	24.06
6275	-8.89	24.17
6357	-9.2	24.08
6407	-8.97	24.44
6473	-9.01	24.38
6502	-8.81	24.69
6544	-8.89	24.43
6585	-7.98	24.93
6626	-8.95	24.38
6668	-8.92	24.6
6709	-9.03	24.58
6751	-8.78	24.5
6792	-8.73	24.71
6879	-8.81	24.75
6896	-9.05	24.62
6958	-8.89	24.65
7007	-8.33	24.7
7024	-8.42	24.78
7082	-8.21	24.64
7123	-8.14	24.95
7152	-8.1	24.81
7185	-8.67	24.5
7227	-8.46	24.69
7268	-8.5	24.83
7289	-8.9	24.36
7318	-9.16	24.29
7359	-9.39	24.18
7413	-9.29	24.42
7475	-8.75	24.55