# Mapungubwe, South Africa 1000 Year Baobab Tree Carbon Isotope Data #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 2.0 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, online resource and date accessed when using this data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigator, title, online resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/19320 # Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/isotope/africa/mapungubwe2016d13c.txt # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Original_Source_URL: # # Archive: Tree Rings # # Parameter_Keywords: carbon isotopes #--------------------------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2016-07-25 #--------------------------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Mapungubwe, South Africa 1000 Year Baobab Tree Carbon Isotope Data #--------------------------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Woodborne, S.; Gandiwa, P.; Hall, G.; Patrut, A.; Finch, J. #--------------------------------------- # Description and Notes # Description: Carbon isotopic data of tree rings from South African baobab trees (Adansonia digitata L.) # as a rainfall proxy. The Mapungubwe composite record is derived from 5 boabab trees. A combined data set # composed of the 5 Mapungubwe baobabs plus 4 baobabs from Pafuri (Woodbourne et al. 2015) is also provided. # Keywords: ITCZ, DMI, Agulhas Current SST, southern Africa # #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Stephan Woodborne, Patience Gandiwa, Grant Hall, Adrian Patrut, and Jemma Finch # Published_Date_or_Year: 2016-07-18 # Published_Title: A Regional Stable Carbon Isotope Dendro-Climatology from the South African Summer Rainfall Area # Journal_Name: PLOS ONE # Volume: 11 # Issue: 7 # Edition: e0159361 # Pages: # Report Number: # DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159361 # Online_Resource: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0159361 # Abstract: Carbon isotope analysis of four baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) trees from the Pafuri region of South Africa yielded a 1000-year proxy rainfall record. The Pafuri record age model was based on 17 radiocarbon dates, cross correlation of the climate record, and ring structures that were presumed to be annual for two of the trees. Here we present the analysis of five additional baobabs from the Mapungubwe region, approximately 200km west of Pafuri. The Mapungubwe chronology demonstrates that ring structures are not necessarily annually formed, and accordingly the Pafuri chronology is revised. Changes in intrinsic water-use efficiency indicate an active response by the trees to elevated atmospheric CO2, but this has little effect on the environmental signal. The revised Pafuri record, and the new Mapungubwe record correlate significantly with local rainfall. Both records confirm that the Medieval Warm Period was substantially wetter than present, and the Little Ice Age was the driest period in the last 1000 years. Although Mapungubwe is generally drier than Pafuri, both regions experience elevated rainfall peaking between AD 1570 and AD 1620 after which dry conditions persist in the Mapungubwe area until about AD 1840. Differences between the two records correlate with Agulhas Current sea-surface temperature variations suggesting east/west displacement of the temperate tropical trough system as an underlying mechanism. The Pafuri and Mapungubwe records are combined to provide a regional climate proxy record for the northern summer rainfall area of southern Africa. #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Stephan Woodborne, Grant Hall, Iain Robertson, Adrian Patrut, Mathieu Rouault, Neil J. Loader, Michele Hofmeyr # Published_Date_or_Year: 2015-05-13 # Published_Title: A 1000-year carbon isotope rainfall proxy record from South African baobab trees (Adansonia digitata L.) # Journal_Name: PLOS ONE # Volume: 10 # Issue: 5 # Edition: e0124202 # Pages: # Report Number: # DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124202 # Online_Resource: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0124202 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: A proxy rainfall record for northeastern South Africa based on carbon isotope analysis of four baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) trees shows centennial and decadal scale variability over the last 1,000 years. The record is in good agreement with a 200-year tree ring record from Zimbabwe, and it indicates the existence of a rainfall dipole between the summer and winter rainfall areas of South Africa. The wettest period was c. AD 1075 in the Medieval Warm Period, and the driest periods were c. AD 1635, c. AD 1695 and c. AD 1805 during the Little Ice Age. Decadal-scale variability suggests that the rainfall forcing mechanisms are a complex interaction between proximal and distal factors. Periods of higher rainfall are significantly associated with lower sea-surface temperatures in the Agulhas Current core region and a negative Dipole Moment Index in the Indian Ocean. The correlation between rainfall and the El Nino/Southern Oscillation Index is non-static. Wetter conditions are associated with predominantly El Nino conditions over most of the record, but since about AD 1970 this relationship inverted and wet conditions are currently associated with la Nina conditions. The effect of both proximal and distal oceanic influences are insufficient to explain the rainfall regime shift between the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age, and the evidence suggests that this was the result of a northward shift of the subtropical westerlies rather than a southward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa # Grant: Unrated Researcher Grant CSUR13092647960 #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Romanian Ministry of National Education # Grant: CNCS-UEFISCDI under grant PN-II-ID-PCE-2013-76 #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Climate Change Consortium of Wales # Grant: #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Quaternary Research Association # Grant: #--------------------------------------- # Site Information # Site_Name: Mapungubwe # Location: Africa>Southern Africa>South Africa # Country: South Africa # Northernmost_Latitude: -22.183267 # Southernmost_Latitude: -23.262856 # Easternmost_Longitude: 31.555185 # Westernmost_Longitude: 29.277717 # Elevation: 500 m #--------------------------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Mapungubwe2016d13C # Earliest_Year: 1164 # Most_Recent_Year: 2000 # Time_Unit: AD # Core_Length: # Notes: Composite record derived from 5 boabab trees #--------------------------------------- # Species # Species_Name: Adansonia digitata L. # Common_Name: Baobab # Tree_Species_Code: ADDI #--------------------------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: # # Table 1. Radiocarbon dates. # Tree Core/Ring No. Length (cm)* Sample duration (years) Date (Uncalibrated years BP) Laboratory No. Assigned year (AD) # LKA 15 Not noted <1 280 +/- 30 Beta-378949 1632 # 24 Not noted <1 270 +/- 30 Beta-378950 1630** # 34 Not noted <1 340 +/- 30 Beta-378951 1628 # 148 Not noted <1 290 +/- 30 Beta-409150 1581** # 179 Not noted <1 280 +/- 30 Beta-384994 1558** # 303 Not noted <1 380 +/- 30 Beta-409151 1468** # 404 Not noted <1 650 +/- 30 Beta-380707 1394 # 678 Not noted <1 880 +/- 30 Beta-378952 1195 # LKB 27 Not noted <2 110 +/- 30 Beta-380705 1864 # 95 Not noted <2 210 +/- 30 Beta-409149 1747 # 137 Not noted <2 340 +/- 30 Beta384995 1636 # 279 Not noted <2 590 +/- 30 Beta-380706 1394 # MPC 266 Not noted <1 133.2 +/- 0.3pmc Beta-409148 1974 # 446 Not noted <1 110 +/- 30 Beta-409147 1947 # Luna 4 7.5 2.4 64 +/- 29 OS-86100 1922 # 4 18.5 2.4 709 +/- 29 OS-86099 1310 # 4 25.5 2.4 975 +/- 30 OS-78685 1050 # Schroda 1 26.5 <1 26 +/- 25 OS-84392 1938 # 1 53.5 <1 158 +/- 24 OS-90686 1866 # **Intercept at two-sigma confidence level # *Length measurements along cores originate at the surface of the trees # #--------------------------------------- # # Variables # # Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Data line variables format: Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ## age_AD age, , , calendar years before present, , , , ,N ## d13C delta 13C,Wood alpha cellulose,,per mil VPDB,,Tree Rings,reference period: 1981-1986 A.D.,analytical technique: isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N ## d13C_biweight_mean delta 13C,Wood alpha cellulose,,per mil VPDB,,Tree Rings,smooth: 21-year biweight mean,analytical technique: isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N ## d13C_biweight_var delta 13C,Wood alpha cellulose,,per mil VPDB,,Tree Rings,smooth: 21-year biweight variance,analytical technique: isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N # #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing Values: -999 # age_AD d13C d13C_biweight_mean d13C_biweight_var 2000 -23.07 -999 -999 1999 -26.39 -999 -999 1998 -22.51 -999 -999 1997 -22.00 -999 -999 1996 -21.84 -999 -999 1995 -22.33 -999 -999 1994 -21.65 -999 -999 1993 -21.59 -999 -999 1992 -22.65 -999 -999 1991 -22.53 -999 -999 1990 -22.28 -22.46 0.37 1989 -22.49 -22.47 0.39 1988 -22.82 -22.53 0.44 1987 -22.94 -22.59 0.52 1986 -23.45 -22.67 0.56 1985 -22.49 -22.78 0.62 1984 -22.32 -22.86 0.64 1983 -22.74 -22.96 0.61 1982 -22.14 -23.05 0.57 1981 -22.47 -23.05 0.57 1980 -23.01 -23.03 0.60 1979 -23.28 -23.05 0.59 1978 -23.90 -23.03 0.61 1977 -23.98 -23.07 0.64 1976 -23.72 -23.08 0.64 1975 -24.17 -23.08 0.63 1974 -23.71 -23.11 0.60 1973 -23.53 -23.16 0.56 1972 -23.56 -23.21 0.55 1971 -22.71 -23.29 0.48 1970 -21.81 -23.35 0.42 1969 -22.70 -23.41 0.39 1968 -22.00 -23.44 0.38 1967 -23.63 -23.45 0.40 1966 -23.22 -23.46 0.40 1965 -23.31 -23.41 0.42 1964 -23.10 -23.40 0.38 1963 -23.40 -23.43 0.43 1962 -23.61 -23.44 0.45 1961 -23.40 -23.47 0.45 1960 -23.46 -23.53 0.42 1959 -23.70 -23.60 0.34 1958 -24.02 -23.66 0.32 1957 -24.17 -23.73 0.31 1956 -23.91 -23.77 0.33 1955 -23.41 -23.81 0.34 1954 -23.73 -23.85 0.34 1953 -24.30 -23.90 0.33 1952 -23.74 -23.93 0.32 1951 -23.39 -23.94 0.32 1950 -23.84 -23.95 0.30 1949 -23.78 -24.00 0.28 1948 -24.13 -24.01 0.27 1947 -24.47 -24.03 0.29 1946 -24.28 -24.03 0.29 1945 -24.44 -24.02 0.30 1944 -24.22 -24.04 0.28 1943 -24.29 -24.05 0.27 1942 -24.08 -24.01 0.27 1941 -23.75 -24.02 0.26 1940 -23.81 -24.06 0.23 1939 -24.28 -24.06 0.23 1938 -23.98 -24.06 0.23 1937 -24.54 -24.03 0.24 1936 -24.10 -23.98 0.26 1935 -23.63 -23.94 0.27 1934 -23.91 -23.90 0.26 1933 -23.97 -23.87 0.26 1932 -23.66 -23.82 0.26 1931 -23.99 -23.79 0.28 1930 -24.12 -23.77 0.30 1929 -23.87 -23.75 0.29 1928 -23.82 -23.70 0.29 1927 -23.56 -23.70 0.29 1926 -23.14 -23.67 0.25 1925 -23.47 -23.64 0.23 1924 -23.66 -23.65 0.23 1923 -23.57 -23.62 0.24 1922 -23.44 -23.60 0.22 1921 -23.31 -23.59 0.22 1920 -23.29 -23.60 0.22 1919 -23.63 -23.59 0.21 1918 -23.20 -23.59 0.21 1917 -24.08 -23.56 0.23 1916 -23.65 -23.55 0.22 1915 -23.56 -23.55 0.22 1914 -23.67 -23.57 0.23 1913 -23.29 -23.60 0.26 1912 -23.63 -23.60 0.26 1911 -23.61 -23.63 0.27 1910 -24.09 -23.67 0.29 1909 -23.90 -23.72 0.31 1908 -23.83 -23.78 0.36 1907 -23.22 -23.83 0.38 1906 -23.29 -23.85 0.41 1905 -23.19 -23.87 0.42 1904 -23.83 -23.90 0.41 1903 -24.33 -23.91 0.40 1902 -23.66 -23.91 0.40 1901 -23.92 -23.96 0.42 1900 -24.44 -23.95 0.43 1899 -24.30 -23.91 0.45 1898 -25.12 -23.87 0.49 1897 -24.29 -23.87 0.49 1896 -24.62 -23.84 0.54 1895 -24.11 -23.81 0.59 1894 -23.98 -23.78 0.63 1893 -23.82 -23.73 0.68 1892 -23.19 -23.64 0.71 1890 -24.61 -23.58 0.79 1888 -23.41 -23.49 0.81 1887 -23.26 -23.47 0.78 1885 -23.02 -23.45 0.77 1884 -23.81 -23.40 0.70 1882 -22.25 -23.42 0.74 1881 -22.39 -23.39 0.71 1879 -22.48 -23.36 0.67 1877 -22.79 -23.29 0.66 1876 -22.65 -23.23 0.66 1874 -22.25 -23.29 0.72 1873 -22.68 -23.22 0.65 1871 -23.93 -23.23 0.65 1869 -23.98 -23.19 0.66 1868 -23.75 -23.17 0.65 1866 -24.95 -23.08 0.63 1865 -23.93 -23.06 0.66 1863 -23.47 -23.10 0.65 1862 -22.84 -23.11 0.65 1860 -22.66 -23.07 0.70 1858 -24.39 -23.05 0.73 1857 -23.18 -23.06 0.71 1855 -23.51 -23.06 0.71 1854 -22.81 -23.01 0.65 1852 -22.80 -22.88 0.63 1850 -22.15 -22.82 0.59 1849 -21.76 -22.77 0.50 1847 -23.10 -22.77 0.51 1846 -22.52 -22.67 0.53 1844 -21.87 -22.64 0.56 1843 -22.06 -22.62 0.56 1841 -22.59 -22.52 0.51 1839 -22.68 -22.45 0.53 1838 -22.87 -22.39 0.47 1836 -22.53 -22.42 0.54 1835 -22.34 -22.45 0.56 1833 -22.83 -22.52 0.58 1832 -24.05 -22.55 0.55 1830 -21.41 -22.47 0.55 1828 -21.83 -22.48 0.56 1827 -22.42 -22.57 0.58 1825 -21.92 -22.56 0.60 1824 -21.64 -22.57 0.61 1822 -22.29 -22.57 0.61 1820 -24.11 -22.56 0.61 1819 -23.17 -22.60 0.65 1817 -23.28 -22.69 0.71 1816 -22.48 -22.73 0.72 1814 -21.88 -22.72 0.72 1813 -22.74 -22.84 0.71 1811 -23.50 -22.92 0.70 1809 -21.46 -23.00 0.73 1808 -22.75 -23.06 0.65 1806 -22.70 -23.15 0.59 1805 -22.79 -23.23 0.58 1803 -23.13 -23.19 0.53 1801 -24.28 -23.21 0.53 1800 -23.57 -23.20 0.55 1798 -23.92 -23.23 0.52 1797 -23.93 -23.31 0.44 1795 -23.46 -23.37 0.40 1794 -23.19 -23.38 0.45 1792 -23.17 -23.42 0.39 1790 -23.69 -23.47 0.36 1789 -24.04 -23.47 0.35 1787 -23.34 -23.52 0.32 1786 -23.42 -23.52 0.32 1784 -23.12 -23.48 0.29 1782 -23.01 -23.44 0.31 1781 -23.33 -23.38 0.34 1779 -23.53 -23.37 0.36 1778 -24.08 -23.41 0.37 1776 -23.54 -23.46 0.42 1775 -23.71 -23.54 0.47 1773 -22.81 -23.53 0.47 1771 -23.68 -23.53 0.47 1770 -23.22 -23.60 0.51 1768 -23.34 -23.68 0.60 1767 -22.89 -23.71 0.59 1765 -22.50 -23.75 0.56 1764 -24.58 -23.78 0.56 1762 -23.86 -23.81 0.54 1760 -24.15 -23.79 0.52 1759 -24.92 -23.77 0.55 1757 -23.61 -23.78 0.55 1756 -24.02 -23.78 0.55 1754 -24.75 -23.75 0.57 1752 -25.39 -23.76 0.56 1751 -23.81 -23.77 0.56 1749 -23.83 -23.79 0.53 1748 -23.83 -23.83 0.45 1746 -23.87 -23.78 0.41 1745 -23.83 -23.77 0.44 1743 -22.99 -23.73 0.41 1741 -23.79 -23.72 0.34 1740 -22.84 -23.71 0.37 1738 -22.92 -23.69 0.36 1737 -23.31 -23.67 0.27 1735 -23.80 -23.65 0.27 1733 -23.60 -23.65 0.27 1732 -24.08 -23.61 0.29 1730 -23.45 -23.61 0.29 1729 -23.45 -23.62 0.32 1727 -23.84 -23.62 0.33 1726 -24.03 -23.67 0.30 1724 -23.38 -23.68 0.32 1722 -23.75 -23.75 0.29 1721 -23.79 -23.78 0.25 1719 -23.39 -23.83 0.26 1718 -23.83 -23.79 0.30 1716 -23.50 -23.77 0.33 1714 -23.68 -23.77 0.33 1713 -24.36 -23.78 0.31 1711 -23.96 -23.78 0.31 1710 -24.10 -23.79 0.32 1708 -24.09 -23.78 0.31 1707 -24.27 -23.78 0.32 1705 -23.76 -23.75 0.36 1703 -24.35 -23.71 0.40 1702 -22.93 -23.71 0.40 1700 -23.03 -23.67 0.44 1699 -24.02 -23.66 0.43 1697 -23.79 -23.67 0.43 1696 -23.35 -23.66 0.42 1694 -23.97 -23.65 0.41 1692 -23.90 -23.66 0.41 1691 -23.33 -23.66 0.42 1689 -23.02 -23.67 0.43 1688 -22.94 -23.67 0.43 1686 -23.46 -23.67 0.43 1684 -23.05 -23.73 0.39 1683 -23.36 -23.79 0.38 1681 -23.85 -23.79 0.38 1680 -23.90 -23.77 0.40 1678 -23.86 -23.78 0.39 1677 -24.37 -23.74 0.42 1675 -24.16 -23.74 0.42 1673 -24.47 -23.76 0.42 1672 -23.81 -23.81 0.39 1670 -24.35 -23.87 0.35 1669 -24.06 -23.89 0.33 1667 -24.42 -23.89 0.33 1665 -24.00 -23.91 0.30 1664 -23.35 -23.91 0.31 1662 -23.53 -23.90 0.32 1661 -23.16 -23.91 0.32 1659 -23.99 -23.88 0.32 1658 -23.61 -23.88 0.33 1656 -24.01 -23.83 0.34 1654 -24.18 -23.79 0.37 1653 -23.88 -23.78 0.34 1651 -23.11 -23.79 0.39 1650 -23.81 -23.75 0.35 1648 -23.80 -23.75 0.34 1646 -23.73 -23.76 0.32 1645 -23.95 -23.78 0.29 1643 -23.70 -23.83 0.27 1642 -24.38 -23.83 0.26 1640 -22.44 -23.85 0.27 1639 -23.33 -23.86 0.29 1637 -23.76 -23.82 0.35 1635 -24.86 -23.81 0.38 1634 -23.72 -23.87 0.37 1632 -23.97 -24.00 0.62 1631 -23.66 -24.08 0.66 1629 -23.72 -24.15 0.71 1628 -24.20 -24.25 0.75 1626 -23.97 -24.31 0.72 1624 -25.12 -24.31 0.72 1623 -24.33 -24.43 0.66 1621 -22.99 -24.54 0.65 1620 -25.40 -24.58 0.63 1618 -24.69 -24.59 0.64 1616 -25.68 -24.63 0.61 1615 -24.96 -24.68 0.59 1613 -24.96 -24.75 0.52 1612 -25.38 -24.78 0.49 1610 -24.65 -24.85 0.50 1607 -24.41 -24.93 0.48 1605 -25.18 -24.93 0.47 1604 -25.54 -24.98 0.46 1603 -24.37 -25.07 0.42 1602 -25.32 -25.06 0.40 1601 -24.45 -25.10 0.40 1600 -24.85 -25.09 0.39 1599 -24.89 -25.06 0.43 1598 -24.39 -25.10 0.44 1597 -25.79 -25.07 0.42 1596 -25.51 -25.13 0.42 1595 -25.06 -25.21 0.39 1594 -25.31 -25.24 0.40 1593 -25.78 -25.21 0.39 1592 -25.11 -25.22 0.38 1591 -25.45 -25.23 0.40 1590 -25.49 -25.24 0.39 1589 -24.25 -25.29 0.35 1588 -25.44 -25.33 0.32 1587 -25.12 -25.39 0.27 1586 -25.55 -25.38 0.25 1585 -25.44 -25.37 0.25 1584 -25.59 -25.43 0.21 1583 -25.25 -25.43 0.23 1582 -24.59 -25.38 0.26 1581 -25.68 -25.38 0.26 1580 -24.69 -25.38 0.27 1579 -25.46 -25.35 0.30 1578 -25.69 -25.36 0.26 1577 -25.62 -25.37 0.28 1576 -25.36 -25.37 0.29 1575 -25.42 -25.35 0.28 1574 -25.57 -25.34 0.29 1573 -25.72 -25.32 0.28 1572 -24.77 -25.33 0.28 1571 -25.17 -25.35 0.26 1570 -25.64 -25.33 0.25 1569 -25.10 -25.33 0.26 1568 -25.17 -25.29 0.28 1567 -25.76 -25.25 0.28 1566 -25.02 -25.22 0.28 1565 -25.33 -25.18 0.30 1564 -25.32 -25.18 0.30 1563 -25.23 -25.18 0.29 1562 -25.49 -25.14 0.27 1561 -25.07 -25.14 0.29 1560 -25.25 -25.15 0.30 1559 -24.32 -25.08 0.30 1558 -24.78 -25.11 0.32 1557 -24.90 -25.05 0.38 1556 -25.03 -24.97 0.38 1555 -24.70 -24.95 0.40 1554 -25.36 -24.92 0.39 1553 -25.28 -24.88 0.38 1552 -24.97 -24.83 0.40 1551 -24.26 -24.75 0.41 1550 -25.30 -24.70 0.43 1549 -24.50 -24.67 0.41 1548 -25.47 -24.65 0.44 1547 -23.72 -24.63 0.45 1546 -24.24 -24.58 0.48 1545 -24.67 -24.52 0.47 1544 -24.92 -24.51 0.46 1543 -24.66 -24.46 0.45 1542 -24.30 -24.39 0.40 1541 -23.81 -24.39 0.41 1540 -24.21 -24.43 0.43 1539 -24.60 -24.36 0.39 1538 -23.69 -24.33 0.39 1537 -24.48 -24.25 0.37 1536 -23.83 -24.27 0.35 1535 -24.11 -24.25 0.36 1534 -24.52 -24.20 0.37 1533 -24.35 -24.19 0.34 1532 -23.95 -24.15 0.33 1531 -25.10 -24.15 0.33 1530 -24.63 -24.21 0.35 1529 -24.12 -24.25 0.41 1528 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